THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


SHORTTYPING 

A  System  of 

Shorthand  for  the 
Typewriter 


By  John  Ira  Brant 


BLUE  STAR  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

261  Broadway 

New  York 


Copyright  1914 

by 
BLUE  STAR   PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


All  Rights  Reserved 
(or  all  Countries 


PUBLISHED.  AUGUST  1914 


Typography  and  Presswork  by 
THE  MILLER  PRESS,  J^EW,  YORK 


7J 


£2  PREFACE 

• 

The  contracting  principles  which  form  the  basis  of 

*JT  the  stenographic  systems  are  as  applicable  to  type  as 
JJ  to  pen-made  characters. 

The  system  of  typewriting  presented  herein  applies 
those  principles  to  type,  the  result  being  a  syllabic 
^code,  based  to  some  extent  on  fonetics,  and  employing 
^  f  or  syllabic  purposes,  the  special  keys  which  ordinarily 
*  take  no  part  in  alfabetic  work.   Its  purpose  is  to 
^  secure  a  method  of  operation  by  which  the  words  of  a  rapid 
speaker  can  be  recorded  verbatim  with  the  machine. 


449501 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

1  ELEMENTARY  ASSIGNMENTS  1 

2  FONETIC  SPELLING  3 

3  VOWEL  CHANGES  5 

4  FUNCTION  OF  THE  SMALL  LETTERS 8 

5  USE  OF  THE  CAPITALS 12 

6  COMPOUND  ASSIGNMENTS  14 

'7  WORD-SIGNS  16 

8  MISCELLANEOUS  CONTRACTIONS  18 

9  VOCABULARY 20 

10  FRASING 66 

11  FRASES  68 

12  THE  LARGER  KEYBOARDS 87 

13  ILLUSTRATIVE  WORK  89 

14  GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS  .  93 


KEYBOARD   A 


©(DCDCDCDCDQQQ© 


o    WE:     R    T    Y    u     MOP 


A      S       D       F       G      H      J       K       L       ; 


2      X)(C)(VHB)(N)(M)(  ; 


KEYBOARD  B 


QJIWIIEJIRJITIIYIIU 


AllSllDllFlfGllHltJlfKllL 


ZJiXJICitVllBIINllMll 


CHAPTER  1 
ELEMENTARY  ASSIGNMENTS 

Each  of  the  characters  in  column  two  is  used  to  repre- 
sent the  syllables  between  which  it  stands  in  this  list: 

Column  1   Column  2   Column  3 

Prefixes  Suffixes 

dis  2  able,  abel 

com,  or  con   3  ect 

cor  4  ant 

bra  5  ans,  ance 

miss  6  any 

par  7  par 

pre,  or  pro   8  shun 

sha  9  ish 

tra  -  ter 

sta  ;  ast 

spe  ,  asp 

thi  /  ing 

Each  syllable  in  the  prefix  column  is  represented  by 
its  character  from  column  two,  when  the  syllable  is  the 
central  syllable  of  the  word,  or  occurs  forward  of  the 
centre.   The  meanings  in  the  suffix  column  are  shown 
by  their  corresponding  characters  from  column  two,  in 
all  positions  following  the  centre  of  the  word. 

disable  22  This  arrangement  illustrates  the 
method  followed  for  presenting  illustrative  words,  the 
short  form  which  follows  a  word,  as  shown  at  the  beginning 
of  this  paragraph,  being  the  abbreviated  method  of  writing 
that  word.   A  glance  at  the  prefixes  and  suffixes  in  the 
list  above,  will  show  how  this  short  form  is  derived. 

label  12  In  typewriting,  on  many  machines,  the 
small  L  (1)  and  the  figure  one  (1)  are  made  with  the  same 
key.   This  character  (1)  is  never  used  in  a  short  form 
as  a  figure  to  represent  a  syllable,  but  always  indicates 
small  L. 

The  syllabic  characters,  that  is,  those  which  repre- 
sent syllables,  are  used  in  the  short  forms  to  represent 
sounds  regardless  of  how  those  sounds  are  spelled.   For 
instance,  the  sound  "shun"  has  various  spellings,  all  of 
which  may  be  shown  by  the  figure  eight: 

action  ac8     optician  opts    luncheon  In8 
passion  pa8    tension  tn8      ocean  08 


The  theoretical  pronunciation  which  the  dictionaries 
give  for  "cian"  in  "optician"  is  not  precisely  "shun,"  but 
the  sound  is  so  similar  that  when  spoken  it  becomes  "•  hun" ; 
so  that  the  figure  eight  is  used  in  all  words  of  tha\. 
group:   politician,  mathematician,  etc.   In  this  system 
the  actual  spoken  sound  is  written. 

The  short  forms  given  above  are  not  all  to  be  con- 
sidered as  the  final  forms,  since  contracting  principles 
presented  later,  further  reduce  some  of  the  short  forms 
given  early,  the  shorter  combinations  being  shown  in 
Chapter  Nine. 

part  7t  missing  6/      protect  8t3 

comparing  37/      station  ;8      thing  // 


CHAPTER  2 
FONETIC  SPELLING 

The  system  is  reinforced  by  the  following  contracting 
expedients: 

1.  Omit  silent  letters:   league  leag 

2.  Where  the  name  of  a  letter  is  a  word,  use  that 
letter  for  that  word:  be  b    owe  o    why  y 

3.  Words  which  are  pronounced  the  same  are,  as  a 
rule,  shown  by  the  same  short  form: 

see  c    sea  c    scene  en    seen  en 

4.  Whenever  possible  make  a  letter  represent  its 
full  name: 

beat  bt     seem  cm    decay  dk    envy  nvy 
Here  in  each  instance  the  first  letter  in  the  short  form 
carries  the  exact  sound  by  which  that  letter  is  named 
when  repeating  the  alfabet,  so  that  every  sound  in  the 
word  is  shown  by  the  short  form  as  completely  as  by 
standard  spelling. 

5.  If  there  is  only  one  vowel  that  produces  a  word 
when  placed  between  two  letters,  that  vowel  may  be  omitted, 
because  in  such  a  case  there  can  be  no  conflict  with  any 
other  word:   confide  3fd 

6.  The  dash  is  never  used,  as  such,  in  the  short 
forms  for  compound  words:   dining- table  dn/t2 

When  reading  short  forms  consisting  of  two  letters, 
the  following  considerations  are  of  assistance: 

A.  If  a  word  is  produced  by  giving  both  letters  their 
full  names,  that  is  the  word  represented: 

excel  xl    excess  xs 

B.  If  no  word  results  under  A,  give  the  first  letter 
of  the  short  form  its  full  name: 

bean  bn    bead  bd    seed  cd 

C.  If  no  word  results  under  either  A  or  B,  give  the 
second  letter  of  the  short  form  its  full  name: 

far  fr    mar  mr    die  di 

D.  If  no  word  results  under  either  A,  B  or  C,  then  a 
vowel  is  to  be  read  between  the  letters  from  the  following 
list,  the  vowels  taking  precedence  in  the  order  shown, 
viz: 


a  as  in  take 


a   " 

father 

a   " 

all 

a   " 

had 

a   " 

hair 

e   " 

eat 

e   " 

yet 

i   " 

ivy 

i   " 

lid 

fade  fd 

late  It 

judge  jj 

luggage 

Igj 

o  as 

0 

in  only 
on 

u 

unite 

u 
oi 

up 
oil 

ou 

out 

oo 

food 

oo 

foot 

wage  wj 
voidable 

st 
vd2   we 

weight  wt 


CHAPTER  3 


VOWEL  CHANGES 

Each  of  the  syllables  shown  in  columns  one  and  three 
on  page  one  belongs  to  a  group  of  associated  syllables, 
and  each  of  those  groups  is  assigned  to  one  character. 
Consequently  any  syllable  from  a  group  may  be  shown  by  the 
character  assigned  to  that  group. 

The  groups  are  shown  below,  being  represented  by  the 
characters  opposite  thereto  in  the  central  column.   The 
order  in  which  the  syllables  occur  in  the  groups  is,  in 
general,  the  order  of  their  precedence  for  being  repre- 
sented by  the  character  opposite  that  group,  thus 
preventing  conflict  in  reading. 


PREFIXES 

das  des  dis  dos  dus 
bal  bel  bil  bol  bul 


com  con  cog 

car  cor  cur 

kar  ker  kir  kor  kur 

bra  bre  bri  bro  bru 


par  pare  per  pir  por  pur 
pra  pre  pri  pro  pru 

sha  she  shi  sho  shu 


tra  tre  tri  tro  tru 
tar  ther 

sta  ste  sti  sto  stu 
spa  spe  spi  spo  spu 
tha  the  thi  tho  thu 


SUFFIXES 

2  bal  bel  bil  bol  bul 

able  abel  eble  ible  oble  uble 
amble  emble  imble  umble 

3  act  ect  ict  oct  uct 

4  ant  ent  int  ont  unt 
mant  ment 

5  ans  ens  ins  ons  uns 
ance  ence  ince  once  unce 
mans  mance 


mass  mess  miss  moss  muss  6 


any  eny  my  ony  uny 
amy  emy  imy  omy  umy  ney 

7  par  pare  per  pir  por  pur 

8  shan  shen  shin  shon  shun 
san  zan  zhan 

ashun  eshun  ishun  oshun  ushun 

9  ash  esh  ish  osh  ush 
shall  shell 

ential,  as  in  providential 

tar  ter  tir  tor  tur 
ther 

;  ast  est  ist  ost  ust 
,  asp  esp  isp  osp  usp 

/  ang  eng  ing  ong  ung 
ank  enk  ink  onk  unk 
ath 


The  vital  point  shown  by  the  above  list  is  that  the 
vowel  in  a  syllable  may  be  changed  without  changing  the 
character  which  represents  that  syllable.   The  rule 
governing  these  vowel  changes  is  that  if  the  remainder 
of  the  word  gives  the  clue  as  to  which  vowel  must  be  there, 
the  vowel  is  not  written.  If  the  remainder  of  the 
word  does  not  give  such  clue,  the  vowel  must  be  inserted, 
or  the  syllable  must  be  shown  by  letters.   Under  those 
restrictions,  any  vowel  sound  in  the  language  may  be 
read  into  a  syllable  which  is  represented  by  a  single 
character. 

connect  33  The  prefix  shows  which  vowel  is  in  this 
suffix,  since  there  is  only  one  (ect)  in  the  Suffix-3 
Group  which  will  produce  a  word  with  any  syllable  in  the 
Prefix-3  Group. 

correct  43    conduct  3d3    Here  also  the  prefixes 
give  the  clue  as  to  which  vowel  belongs  in  the  suffix.   If 
ect  and  uct  were  interchanged  in  these  words,  there  would 
be  no  result  in  either  case. 

This  representation  of  various  associated  syllables 
by  the  same  character  does  not  cause  difficulty  in 
reading,  for  as  soon  as  thorough  familiarity  with  the 
short  forms  is  acquired,  they  are  written  and  read  without 
the  slightest  hesitation. 

ash  a,9  In  this  case  the  vowel  must  be  inserted. 
The  figure  nine  at  the  .beginning  of  a  word  indicates  sh 
without  a  vowel  preceding  it:    share  9r 

prepare  87    proper  8o7    Pre,  standing  ahead  of 
pro,  in  their  group,  has  precedence  for  being  shown  with- 
out inserting  the  vowel. 

When  it  is  desirable  to  get  a  short  form  for  a  much 
used  word  which,  under  the  general  rule,  would  have  to 
give  precedence  to  an  obsolete  word,  exceptions  to  the 
general  rule  naturally  occur:  shall  9  Under  the  general 
rule,  the  figure  nine,  standing  alone,  would  represent 
"shay,"  a  word  used  so  little  that  it  must  give  way  to 
"shall"  in  the  suffix-9  group. 

Another  class  of  exceptions  occasionally  met  are 
those  in  which  a  character  in  the  prefix  position  indi- 
cates a  suffix  meaning,  and  vice  versa:   anticipate  4cpt 
dismiss  26 

privation  8iv8    provision  8v8    In  this  case  the 
word  of  more  frequent  occurrence  takes  the  shorter 
combination. 

The  assigning  of  short  forms  to  two  or  more  words  that 
enter  into  competition  for  the  same  syllabic  character 
is,  in  fact,  not  a  question  of  adhering  to  any  inflexible 

6 


rule,  but  rather  a  matter  of  the  person  wno  is  using  the 
system  assigning  the  shortest  combination  to  the  word 
which  he  uses  most  frequently.  But  when  the  equities 
among  several  such  competing  words,  from  the  standpoint 
of  frequency,  appear  to  be  equal,  then  the  general  rule  of 
giving  precedence  in  accordance  with  the  order  in  which 
the  syllables  stand  in  the  syllabic  groups,  furnishes  a 
convenient  guide  for  making  the  assignments. 

The  reason  why  the  characters  are  given  one  meaning 
at  the  beginning  and  a  different  meaning  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  is  that  certain  syllables  are  prefixes  by  nature, 
seldom  occurring  in  rear  of  the  centre  of  a  word,  while 
with  others  the  case  is  the  opposite,  so  that  various 
meanings  can  be  attached  to  the  same  character,  making  it 
perform  additional  work.  But  the  syllables  of  the  "par" 
group  occur  with  sufficient  frequency  in  all  positions 
to  require  one  character  for  their  exclusive  use. 


CHAPTER  4 
FUNCTION  OF  THE  SMALL  LETTERS 

The  small  letters  may  be  made  to  do  more  work  by 
having  them  represent  additional  sounds  as  shown  below. 
Where  this  is  done,  the  entire  combination  for  the  word 
gives  the  key  as  to  which  sound  the  letter  represents. 

LETTER     SOUNDS  REPRESENTED 

a    au,  as  in  auditor;  an  (initial);  am  (initial) 
b    be  bee  ba  bay 

c    sea  see  ic,  as  in  socialistic 
ack,  as  in  attack 

d  de  dee  day 

e  ee,  as  in  employee;  the 

f  ef  for  full  (final) 

g  gay  Not  used  for  the  j  sound. 

h  hay  ch,  as  in  teach;  tch,  as  in  patch 

i  eye  in  (initial);  im  (initial) 

j  jay  adge  edge,  as  in  pledge;  ju,  as  in  judge 

k    cou,  as  in  counsel;  kay;  ac,  as  in  accept; 
coi,  as  in  coinage 

1  ell,  as  in  tell;  lay;  law,  as  in  lawless 

m  em  may  ember,  as  in  member 

n  en,  as  in  enact;   na,  as  in  name;   nay 

o  owe,  oi,  as  in  join;  ou,  as  in  amount 

p  pe  pa  pay,  as  in  payable 

q  qu,  as  in  quality;  accu,  as  in  accuse 

r  ar,  as  in  argue;   are;   our;   re,  as  in  refer 

s  ess,  as  in  less;   sub,  as  in  subject 

t    tea,  as  in  team;   tee,  as  in  teeth 

Also  represents  th  when  the  line  (/)  is  not 
available  on  account  of  conflict. 

u    you  ewe  oo,  as  in  look;  urn  (initial); 
un  (initial) 

v    ve  va  vay 

w    wa,  as  in  wave;  ow,  as  in  now;  ou,  as  in  house 

x    ex  ax 


y    why   Used  for  short  i  when  the  letter  i  is  not 
available  on  account  of  conflict. 

z    sla  ze  zee  ize 

au   ought,  as  in  bought;  aught,  as  in  naught 

axiom  xim  This  illustrates  how  one  letter  may 
represent  several  sounds  and  at  the  same  time  escape 
conflict,  since  the  remainder  of  the  word  gives  the  key  as 
to  the  sound  intended.    In  xim  no  word  results  by  calling 
x  "ex";  consequently  it  must  be  the  alternative,  ax. 

park  7c    beak  bk    Apparent  inconsistencies  will 
occasionally  be  noticed,  as  shown  in  these  two  words,  in 
representing  the  k  sound.   The  abbreviated  forms  are 
not  worked  out  in  strict  adherence  to  fonetics.   When 
there  is  room  to  select  between  c  or  k,  the  one  is  used 
which  gives  the  quicker  sequence  of  letters,  the  speedy 
movements  in  typewriting  operation  being  where  one  hand 
follows  the  other. 

This  consideration  requires  that  the  k  sound  before 
1  be  shown  by  c;  before  r  by  k.   But  this  difficulty  with 
the  syllables  era  and  cla  is  solved  on  the  larger  key- 
boards. Chapter  Twelve,  by  their  being  assigned  to 
syllabic  characters. 

When  final  c  represents  the  k  sound,  it  (the  final  c) 
is  generally  associated  with  a  short  vowel,  whether  the 
vowel  be  omitted  or  expressed.   Final  k  to  show  the  k 
sound  is  generally  associated  with  a  long  vowel  when  the 
vowel  is  omitted: 

lack  Ic  lake  Ik  leak  lek  lick  lye 
like  lik  lock  loc  look  luk  luck  luc 
luke  luk 

In  lye  is  seen  the  use  of  y  to  indicate  short  i, 
corresponding  with  the  use  of  y  for  the  same  purpose  in 
standard  spelling,  as  in  "money."  In  the  short  forms 
both  i  and  y  are  used  for  short  i ,  depending  upon  which 
produces  the  quicker  sequence  of  keys;  but  y  must  be  used 
when  needed  to  prevent  conflict,  as  with  a  pair  of  words 
such  as  "like"  and  "lick." 

The  sound  ow  as  in  now  (also  shown  in  standard  spelling 
by  ou  in  house)  is  generally  represented  in  the  short 
forms  by  w: 

down  dwn    now  nw    house  hws 

But  in  a  few  cases  o  is  used  where  it  is  available  and 
gives  a  quicker  movement  than  w: 

amount  ao4    sound  so&    unsound  uso& 
Small  letters  are  doubled  and  tripled  for  the  syl- 
lables, words  and  f rases  shown  below:       g  Q 

9  U 

HA  I  I 


aa 

bb 

cc  (initial) 

cc  (final) 

dd 

ff 

ff  (final) 

fff 

fff  (final) 

gg 

hh 

jj 

kk  (final) 

11 

11  (final) 

111 

mm 

ni  nun 

nn 

oo 

oo  (final) 

qq 

ss 

sss 

tt 

ttt 

uu 

vv 

ww 

XX 
XXX 

yy 

zz 


crat,  as  in  democrat 

bant  bent 

sera,  as  in  scrawl 

cracy 

hold 

efficient 

ficient  fulness  fant 

efficiency 

ficiency 

agnify  ignify  ignifi 


fent 


agnanim 


gant,  as  in  extravagant 

Used  for  ther  when  the  dash  is  not 
available  on  account  of  conflict. 

judge 

cific  lific  tific  entific  ratic 
matic  cratic 

cler,  as  in  clerk 

lessness 

lawlessness 

member 

memorandum 

noon 

of  our 

owledge  ology  nology 

acular  nacular  icular  ticular 

culiar,  as  in  peculiar 

satis  ses,  as  in  disposes 

sizes, 

trast  trist  trust  teristic 

trust  it 

suit  zult 

vant  vent 

spra 

change 

exchange 

diet  vict  divid 

zez 

10 


When  different  meanings  are  assigned  to  the  same  key 
or  to  the  same  combination,  it  does  not  follow  that  all 
of  those  meanings  are  so  indicated  in  every  instance,  but 
it  means  that  they  may  be  used  provided  no  conflict 
results.  For  example: 

infant  if4    inefficient  iff    Opposite  ff  in  the 
above  list,  fant  and  efficient  both  appear,  but  if  ff  were 
used  in  both  words  here  shown,  a  conflict  might  result. 
The  contractions  bb,  ff ,  gg,  and  vv,  for  bant,  fant,  gant, 
and  vant,  respectively,  while  not  reducing  the  number  of 
touches  as  compared  with  b4,  f4,  g4,  and  v4,  are  used 
to  increase  speed. 

Miscellaneous  examples  of  contractions  referred  to 
in  this  chapter: 

announce  a5  unchangeable  uxx2 

inform  ifm  slash  z9 

immediate  ied  democracy  dmcc 

counsel  k51  holding  dd/ 

consult  3uu  deficient  dff 

subject  sj3  particular  7qq 


11 


CHAPTER  5 
USE  OF  THE  CAPITALS 

The  capital  letters  are  used  for  the  syllables  con- 
tained in  the  following  list,  with  the  privilege  of 
changing  the  vowels  under  the  rules  stated  in  Chapter 
Three. 

The  conditions  under  which  the  same  capital  letter 
may  have  one  meaning  in  the  prefix  position,  and  a  dif- 
ferent meaning  as  a  suffix,  are  the  same  as  those  govern- 
ing the  other  syllabic  characters. 


PREFIX 


ab 


bla 

sea,  as  in  scatter 

ad  od 

ed 

fra 

gra  gar 

har  char  cham 

il  ill   ig 

jar  jan  jam 
kal  kail 

al  el  ul 

mar  am  em 

nar  an  en 

ob  ord 

pla  pan 

quar  cure 

ar  er  sar  sir 

as  es  ses 

out  et   it  ot  ut 


SUFFIX 

A   oans  fans  gans  pans  tance 
vans  zance 

B   bla  berg  burgh  bourg 

C   city  acity  icity  osity 
uosity  scope 

D  der  dure  ded 

E  ted 

F  fra  graph 

G  gra  gar 

H  har  ham  han  hand 

I  ty  thy  aty  ity 
dity  tity  anity 
ice  vice 

J   jar  jan  jam 

K   kal  kail 

ical  dical  tical  itical  apital 

L   lar 

ality  ility  tility 
bility  ability 

M  mar  gram  gramme 

N  nar 

0  ord  cord 

P  pla  pan 

Q  quar  cure  scure 

R  sar  sir  arity 

S  ses,  as  in  cases  as  es 

T  tive  tant  tent  out 
12 


up  U   duce  dule  tude 

var  V   ivity  tivity 

vate  var 

war  W   ward  word  v/ar 

ext  man  X   man  ext 

yar  sure  Y   sure  tsure  ture  zure 

yar 
ion,  as  in  million 

sal  sel  cell        Z   dize  lize  mize  nize 

rize  size  thize  vize  wise 
sal  sel  cell 

margin  Mjn    activity  ktV    manage      Xj 
manner  mN     preserve  8Rv    sociability  s9L 

In  the  abbreviated  forms  the  capitals  are  never  used 
for  the  purpose  which  they  serve  in  standard  spelling: 

Denver  dnV    Liverpool  IV)    France  F5 

In  the  case  of  France,  the  short  form  begins  with  capital 
F,  not  because  the  word  is  the  name  of  a  country,  but 
because  capital  F  represents  the  syllable  fra. 

With  capital  0  to  represent  vowel  plus  rd,  the  present 
tense  is  often  changed  to  past  tense,  without  increasing 
the  number  of  characters: 

hire  hir    hired  hiO    wire  yr    wired  yO 

Sometimes  the  past  tense  is  a  shorter  form  than  the  corre- 
sponding present  tense: 

dare  dar  dared  dO  pour  por  poured  pO 


13 


CHAPTER  6 
COMPOUND  ASSIGNMENTS 

The  characters  standing  in  the  central  column  below 
are  used  for  the  compound  syllables  shown,  and  are  also 
available  to  indicate  the  simple  syllables  in  the  fol- 
lowing list,  with  the  privilege  of  changing  the  vowels 
under  the  rules  given  in  Chapter  Three. 


PREFIXES 
ten  tern  trans 

stra  super  claim     # 
dra   contra  counter   $ 


tel  tell  % 

recom  recon  recog  recor 


bate  unde  under 
undou  indur  endure 

and  mand 
accom  accomp 


fla  over  aver 


fal  appra 
pal  impar 

far 

incom  incon  incog 

incor 


SUFFIXES 

ten  tern 

assable  sessible  sistible 

ustible 

stra  ster 

straction  struction  claim 

dra  counter  satipn 
•cession  zession  ization 
lization  lition 

tel  tell 
beration  bration 
deration  dration  ' 
geration  gration 
teration  tration  tuation 
stration  stition 
stitution  poration  tiation 

bate  under  stand 


&  and  mand 

imate  timate  estimate 
ulate  tulate  tunate 
uctuate  icipata  ipulate 
itulate  porate 

'   fla 

bation  dation  gation 

Ration  lation  mation 

nation  pation  qution 

ration  tation  vation 

(   fal  full 

)   pal  ample  imple 
eous  ious  uous 

:   far 

fy  •  ify  cify  dify  nify 
tify  form 

14 


bar  extra  exter 


val 

enter  inter  intra 

possession  p® 

interval  ?? 

recommend  %& 
extraordinary 

overestimate  '& 

accommodation  &' 

position  ps8 
understand 

superstition  #% 


bar 

ry  try  ary  dary  mary 
rary  tary  trary  porary 
endary  oundary  ordinary 

?  val 

action  ection  iction  uction 


transaction 

construction 

temptation 

counterclaim 

bargain 

incorporation 

appreciation 

impartial 

translation 


3# 
tnT 

$# 
.gn 

'•% 
(% 
)9 


The  compound  "ification"  may  be  shown  either  by  f8 
or  : '  When  the  character  which  precedes  this  com- 
pound requires  the  shift  key,  use  :'  In  other  cases,  f8 
is  generally  used: 

gratification  G:'    justification  j;f8 

But  since  the  colon  may  represent  cify,  tify,  etc.  ,  a 
touch  may  often  be  saved  by  using  :'  after  a  character 
which  does  not  require  the  shift:   specification  , :  ' 
On  a  board  having  no  shift  key  either  combination  may  be 
used. 

When  two  words  differ  only  in  a  vowel  sound,  it  is 
generally  necessary  to  insert  the  vowel  in  one  of  the 
short  forms: 

command  3&    communed  3u&    In  3u&  is  also  seen  how 
the  standard  meaning  of  any  syllabic  character  is  altered 
by  a  change  of  vowel,  when  it  becomes  necessary  to  insert 
the  vowel.  In  3u&  the  u  cancels  the  a  which  is  ordinarily 
included  in  the  character  &,  so  that  u&  represents  und. 

If  two  similar  words  do  not  conflict,  one  abbreviated 
form  may  represent  both: 

sV    severe  sV 


sever 


Since  the  undersore  at  the  end  of  a  word,  and  in  some 
cases  in  the  body  of  a  word,  carries  the  meaning 
"stand,"  the  word  "understand"  is  shown  by  the  doubled 
underscore.   "Misunderstand"  and  "misunderstanding"  also 
require  the  doubled  underscore.  "Under"  when  beginning 
a  word  is  shown  by  the  single  underscore. 


15 


CHAPTER  7 
WORD  -SIGNS 
Single  characters  are  used  to  represent  words  as 

shown  below.   The  characters  so  used  are  known  as  word- 

signs; 

the  words  which  they  represent  are  called  sign- 

words. 

Word- 

Sign- 

Word- 

Sign- 

sign 

word 

sign 

word 

a 

a  an 

A 

same 

b 

be  bee 

B 

but 

c 

sea  see 

C 

city  could 

d 

day  and 

D 

did  deed 

e 

the 

E 

each 

f 

for 

F 

from 

g 

give 

G 

against 

h 

which 

H 

hear  here 

i 

in  eye  I 

I 

if 

j 

not 

J 

some 

k 

know  no 

K 

upon  call 

1 

law  will  (in  f  rasing) 

L 

all 

m 

me   my  may 

M 

more 

n 

on 

N 

nor 

0 

of 

0 

who 

P 

he 

P 

had 

q 

to  too  two 

Q 

after 

r 

are  our  hour 

R 

or 

s 

is  us 

S 

so 

t 

it 

T 

out 

u 

you 

U 

up 

V 

have 

V 

very 

w 

we  with 

W 

where  wear 

were 

X 

as 

X 

him  man  (final) 

y 

why  one 

Y 

year  sure 

your 

z 

was  use  (verb) 

Z 

sell  whose 

in  f  rasing 

2 

able  am 

ii 

time  ten  (in 

frasing) 

3 

can 

# 

would 

4 

other 

8 

many 

5 

that 

% 

them 

6 

any 

_ 

under 

7 

much 

16 


such 

shall 

there  their 


;    state 
,    has 

this  thing  (final) 

Examples: 

It  is  not  the  same. 
Are  you  sure  you  can  see  him? 
We  know  he  has  been  there  for 
some  time. 


they 
over 
made 
make 
what 
whom 
been 


s  j  e  A 
u  Y  u  3  c 


w  k  p  ,  ?  -  f  J 


17 


CHAPTER  8 

MISCELLANEOUS  CONTRACTIONS 

The  syllables  in  column  1  are  represented  by  the  con- 
tractions placed  opposite  in  Column  2. 


Column  1 

Column  2 

EXAMPLES 

Standard 

Short 

Standard 

Short 

Form 

Form 

ade 

d 

blockade 

Bkd 

apt 

ap 

adapt 

Dap 

ate 

t 

abate 

At 

body 

by 

everybody 

eVby 

cate 

k 

indicate 

idk 

cept 

cp 

accept 

kcp 

cks 

X 

rocks 

rox 

cute 

q 

acute 

aq 

date 

d 

accommodate 

&d 

diate 

d 

intermediate 

?md 

ept 

ep 

adept 

Dep 

gate 

g 

investigate 

iv;g 

half 

hf 

one  half 

yhf 

house 

hs 

counting-house 

c4/hs 

ight 

it 

light 

lit 

Also  shown  by 

i  when 

no  conflict  results 

blight 

Bi 

ignification 

•  ' 

signification 

s:' 

late 

It 

regulate 

rglt 

less 

Is 

careless 

41s 

li  (initial) 

X 

lit 

xt 

iy 

X 

ably 

Ax 

ness 

ns 

goodness 

gdns 

ography 

Fy 

stenography 

;nFy 

pate 

P 

anticipate 

4cp 

phone 

fn 

telephone 

%tn 

quate 

k 

adequate 

Dk 

quence 

q5 

consequence 

3cq5 

quent 

q4 

subsequent 

scq4 

self 

Zf 

yourself 

YZf 

selves 

Zs 

themselves 

/mZs 

ship,  after 

n  or  r 

P 

seamanship 

cXp 

ship,  elsewhere,  9p 

shipment 

9p4 

stitute 

;tt 

constitute 

3;tt 

18 


Of  the  syllables  in  column  1,  which  are  also  words, 
apt,  half,  late  and  less  are  written  as  shown  in  column  2, 
whether  they  occur  alone  or  in  combination  as  part  of  a 
larger  word. 

The  other  syllables  in  column  1  which  are  also  words 
(ate,  body,  cute,  date,  gate,  house  and  ship)  are  written 
as  shown  in  column  2,  only  when  they  occur  in  combination 
as  part  of  a  larger  word;  when  standing  alone  they  are 
written  as  shown  in  Chapter  Nine. 


19 


CHAPTER  9 
VOCABULARY 

There  are  numerous  cases  in  the  following  short  forms, 
where  an  additional  touch  may  be  avoided  by  omission  of 
a  vowel  under  paragraph  5,  Chapter  Two.  In  fact,  these 
short  forms  are  not  all  to  be  considered  as  ultimate 
reductions.   They  serve  merely  as  a  basis  for  further 
contractions,  which  proceed  along  lines  governed  by  the 
particular  keyboard  "used.  This  matter  is  treated  more 
fully  hereafter. 

As  a  preliminary  to  practice  in  writing  these  short 
forms,  it  will  be  an  advantage,  if  the  keyboard  used  con- 
tains additional  characters  as  shown  in  Chapter  Twelve,  to 
examine  that  chapter  before  beginning  the  practice  work. 
The  short  forms  can  then  be  given  the  further  reductions 
possible,  in  accordance  with  the  assignments  there  made. 

A  absorption  ARp8 

abandon  A&n  abstain  A;n 

abandonment  A&n4  abstract  A#3 

abate  At  abstraction  A# 

abatement  At4  absurd  ARd 

abbreviate  a5vt  absurdity  ARI 

abbreviation  a5v8  abundance  A&5 

abdication  Ad'  abundant  A&4 

abduct  Ad3  abuse  Aus 

abduction  Ad?  abut  Aut 

abeyance  Aa5  abutment  Aut4 

abide  Aid  abutting  Aut/ 

abiding  Aid/  academy  kd6 

ability  AL  accede  kcd 

abject  Aj3  accent  ks4 

able  2  accept  kcp 

ably  Ax  acceptable  kcp2 

abnormal  ANml  acceptance  kcp5 

abnormally  ANmx  access  xS 

abolish  A19  accessible  k" 

abound  A&  accident  xd4 

about  AT  accidental  xd41 

above  Av  accommodate  &d 

abridgment  a5j4  accommodating  &d/ 

abroad  a5d  accommodation  &' 

abrogate  a5g  accompany  &6 

abrogation  a5'  accomplice  &ls 

abscond  AC&  accomplish  &19 

absence  AA  accomplished  &19t 

absent  As4  accomplishment  &194 

absentee  As4e  accord  kO 

absolute  AZt  accordance  k05 

20 


according 

kO/ 

admittance 

accordingly 

kO/x 

admitted 

account 

k4 

adopt 

accountable 

k42 

adult 

accountant 

k44 

advance 

accounting 

k4/ 

advantage 

accrue 

kru 

adversary 

accumulate 

qm& 

adverse 

accumulation 

qm&8 

advertise 

accuracy 

qrc 

advice 

accurate 

qrt 

advisable 

accusation 

q$ 

advise 

accuse 

qs 

advocate 

accustomed 

k;md 

affair 

achieve 

ahv 

affect 

acknowledge 

koo 

affidavit 

acknowledging 

koo/ 

affiliate 

acknowledgment 

koo4 

affirm 

acquainted 

kw4d 

affix 

acquiesce 

kwS 

afford 

acquire 

kwr 

aforesaid 

acquisition 

kws8 

afraid 

acquit 

kwt 

after 

across 

kros 

afternoon 

act 

kt 

afterwards 

action 

9 

again 

activity 

ktV 

against 

actual 

kt9 

age 

acute 

aq 

agency 

adapt 

Dap 

agent 

addict 

D3 

aggression 

addition 

D8 

agitation 

additional 

D81 

agreeable 

address 

afts 

ahead 

ademption 

Dm8 

aid 

adept 

Dep 

aim 

adequate 

Dk 

air 

adhere 

DH 

alienate 

adjacent 

js4 

alike 

adjoining 

ajn/ 

alimony 

ad  j  ourn 

aJ 

all 

adjudicate 

jdk 

allegation 

adjust 

aj; 

allege 

administer 

DX# 

allotment 

administration 

DX% 

allowance 

admirable 

DM2 

allowing 

admissibility 

D6L 

almost 

admissible 

D62 

alone 

admission 

Dmi8 

along 

admit 

Dmt 

alphabet 

DmA 

DmE 

Dop 

Dul 

DA 

Dvvj 

DVs. 

DVs 

DVZ 

DI 

DZ2 

DZ 

Dvk 

a: 

at  3 

fdV 

a(t 

a:m 

afx 

afd 

afsd 

aFd 

Q 

Qnn 

QWs 

agn 

G 

j  . 

aJc 

aj4 

G8 

j' 

G2 

and 

ad 

am 

ar 

Lnt 

Lik 

LXy 

L 

L' 

Lj 

Lt4 

Lw5 

Lw/ 

Lm; 

Lon 

Lo/ 

Lf_ 


21 


alphabetic 

Lf_c 

appoint 

ap4 

already 

Lrd 

appointment 

ap44 

also 

LS 

apportion 

a78 

alter 

L- 

appraise 

(z 

although 

L/o 

appraiser 

(zr 

altitude 

LtU 

appreciable 

(92 

altogther 

Ltg- 

appreciate 

(9t 

always 

Lws 

appreciation 

\% 

am 

2 

approach 

(h 

ambition 

ab8 

appropriate 

(8t 

ambitious 

ab9s 

appropriation 

(88 

amend 

a& 

approval 

(? 

amendment 

a&4 

approve 

(v 

among 

ao/ 

approximate 

(x& 

amount 

ao4 

appurtenance 

a7"5 

amputation 

ap' 

April 

a81 

an 

a 

apt 

ap 

ancestor 

ac# 

arbitrary 

R-. 

anchor 

/r 

arbitrate 

R-rt 

ancient 

a94 

arbitration 

Rb% 

and 

d 

architect 

Rkt3 

anger 

/gr 

are 

r 

announce 

a5 

argue 

rgu 

another 

a4 

argument 

rg4 

answer 

5r 

arise 

aZ 

anticipate 

4cp 

arm 

Rm 

any 

6 

arose 

Ros 

apart 

a7t 

around 

Rw& 

apartment 

a7t4 

arouse 

Rws 

apiece 

aps 

arraigned 

R& 

apologize 

a)Z 

arraignment 

Rn4 

apparent 

a74 

arrange 

Rnj 

appeal 

a) 

array 

Ra 

appear 

a? 

arrear 

Rr 

appearance 

a75 

arrest 

R; 

appellant 

a)4 

arrive 

Riv 

appellate 

a)t 

arrival 

Ri? 

appellee 

a)e 

arson 

R8 

append 

ap& 

article 

RK 

appendix 

ap&x 

artificial 

Rtf9 

appertain 

a7" 

as 

X 

apple 

apl 

ascend 

Snd 

apples 

apis 

ascertain 

aR" 

appliance 

aP5 

ash 

a9 

applicable 

aPk2 

aside 

Sid 

applicant 

aPk4 

ask 

Sk 

application 

aP' 

aspect 

Sp3 

applied 

aPid 

aspirant 

S74 

applies 

aPz 

aspiration 

S% 

apply 

aP 

aspire 

S7 

22 


assail 

assassin 

assassination 

assault 

assemblage 

assemble 

assent 

assertion 

assess 

assesses 

assessment 

assets 

assign 

assigned 

assignee 

assignment 

assignor 

assist 

assistance 

assistant 

association 

assortment 

assume 

assumption 

assure 

astonishing 

astray 

at 

ate 

Atlantic 

attach 

attack 

attainable 

attained 

attempt 

attend 

attention 

attest 

attestation 

attitude 

attorney 

attract 

attribute 

auction 

audible 

auditor 

August 

authentic 

authority 

authorize 


si 

autumn 

Ssn 

autumnal 

Ss' 

available 

Sit 

avenge 

S2j 

avenue 

S2 

aver 

S4 

average 

Sr8 

aversion 

Ss 

avoid 

SS 

await 

Ss4 

award 

Sts 

aware 

Sn 

away 

S& 

awe 

Sne 

awful 

Sn4 

awning 

SN 

axiom 

Si; 

axis 

S;5 

axle 

S;4 

So% 

Srt4 

back 

Sm 

backed 

Sm8 

backward 

aY 

badly 

S"9/ 

badge 

a#a 

baffle 

at 

baggage 

at 

bail 

at!4c 

bake 

ath 

balance 

ate 

ballot 

a"2 

band 

at& 

banded 

a"t 

banish 

a"d 

bank 

a"8 

banker 

at; 

banking 

at;8 

bankrupt 

atU 

bankruptcy 

a-6 

banner 

a-3 

bar 

a-_ 

bargain 

ac8 

barge 

ad2 

barn 

ad- 

barred 

ag; 

barrel 

a/4c 

base 

a-R 

basement 

a-Z 

bases 

a" 

a"nl 

a?2 

avnj 

avnu 

aV 

'j 

'8 

avd 

awt 

aW 

awr 

aw 

aw 

awf 

an/ 

xim 

axs 

axl 


be 

b3 

bcW 

bdx 

bj 

b( 

bgj 

bal 

bk 

25 

2ot 

b& 

b&d 

bn9 

bnk 

b/r 

b// 

b/rp 

b/rpc 

bN 

br 

.gn 

•  j 

brn 

.d 

.1 

bs 

bs4 

bS 


23 


basin 

basis 

battle 

bay 

be 

beach 

bead 

bean 

beak 

bear 

bearing 

bearish 

beat 

beaten 

beating 

beautiful 

became 

because 

beckon 

become 

becoming 

bee 

been 

before 

beforehand 

befriend 

beg 

begin 

beginner 

beginning 

begrudge 

behalf 

behave 

behind 

being 

belief 

believe 

belligerent 

belong 

belonging 

below 

belt 

bench 

bend 

beneath 

beneficial 

benefit 

bent 

bequeath 

bequest 


bsn 

berth 

bss 

beside 

b% 

best 

ba 

bestow 

b 

betray 

bh 

better 

bd 

between 

bn 

beverage 

bk 

beware 

bar 

beyond 

./ 

bias 

.9 

big 

bt 

bilge 

b" 

bill 

bt/ 

billed 

-< 

billing 

bkm 

bind 

bks 

binding 

ben 

biting 

bcm 

bitter 

b3/ 

bitterly 

b 

black 

? 

blame 

bf 

blank 

bfH 

blanket 

bF& 

blend 

bg 

blew 

bgn 

blight 

bgN 

blind 

bgn/ 

block 

bGj 

blockade 

bhf 

blotting 

bhv 

blow 

bh& 

blowing 

b/ 

blue 

2f 

bluff 

2v 

blunder 

2J4 

blunt 

2o/ 

blurr 

2o// 

board 

2o 

boastful 

bit 

boat 

bnh 

bodily 

bnd 

body 

bn/ 

boiler 

bnf9 

bomb 

bnft 

bond 

bb 

bonus 

bq/ 

book 

bq; 

bookkeeper 

.th 

bsd 

b; 

b;o 

b-a 

be- 

bwn 

bVj 

bwr 

by& 

biS 

bg 

blj 

byl 

2d 

2/ 

bi& 

bi&/ 

bit/ 

bi- 

b-x 

Be 

Bm 

B/ 

B/T 

B& 

Bu 

Bi 

Bi& 

Boc 

Bkd 

Btt/ 

Bo 

Bo/ 

Bu 

Bf 

BnD 

B4 

Bur 

bO 

bo;f 

bot 

bodx 

bdy 

boL 

bom 

bo& 

bnS 

buk 

bk7 


24 


bookkeeping 

border 

borough 

borrow 

borrowing 

both 

bother 

bottle 

bottom 

bought 

bound 

boundary 

box 

brand 

breach 

bread 

breadth 

break 

breaker 

breakfast 

breath 

breathe 

breathing 

breeze 

brevity 

bribery 

bridge 

brief 

bright 

brightest 

bring 

bringing 

broad 

Broadway 

broker 

brokerage 

brought 

brunt 

brush 

bubble 

budge 

budget 

build 

builder 

building 

built 

bulk 

bunch 

bundle 

bungle 


bkp/ 

burden 

.D 

bureau 

.0 

burglar 

.0 

burn 

•  o/ 

bury 

_h 

busily 

_- 

business 

bo% 

busy 

b" 

but 

bau 

butter 

bw& 

buy 

bw&. 

buyer 

bx 

by 

5& 

5h 

5ead 

cake 

5dt 

calamity 

5k 

calculate 

5kr 

calculation 

5kf  ; 

calendar 

5e/ 

call 

5e/e 

came 

5e// 

can 

5z 

cancel 

5vl 

cancellation 

5b. 

candidate 

5j 

cannot 

5f 

can't 

5i 

capability 

5i; 

capable 

5/ 

capacity 

5// 

capital 

Sod 

capitalize 

5dw 

capsize 

5o4 

caption 

54j 

capture 

5au 

car 

54 

carbon 

59 

card 

bu2 

care 

buj 

cared 

bjt 

careful 

2d 

carefulness 

2D 

careless 

2d/ 

carelessness 

bit 

carpet 

blk 

carriage 

buh 

carry 

b&l 

cars 

b/1 

cartage 

.dn 
.u 
•  gL 

.  n 

.y 

bsx 

bsns 

bsy 

B 

bu- 

bi 

bir 

bi 


kk 

Kml 

K& 

Kq' 

KnD 

K 

km 

3 

3Z 

3Z8 

3ddt 

3j 

knt 

cpL 

cp2 

cpC 

cK 

cKz 

cpZ 

cp8 

cpY 

kr 

4bn 

krd 

4e 

4d 

4f 

4ff 

41s 

411 

4pt 

4j 

4y 

krz 

4tj 


25 


case 

ks 

chasing 

hs/ 

cases 

kS 

chattel 

h% 

cash 

k9 

cheap 

hp 

cashier 

k9r 

cheating 

cht/ 

cast 

ca; 

check 

hk 

casting 

ca;/ 

checking 

hk/ 

catalogue 

ktlg 

cheerful 

Hf 

catch 

kh 

chief 

hef 

causation 

ks8 

chiefly 

hfx 

cause 

kz 

choice 

hos 

caution 

k8 

choose 

huz 

cautionary 

k8. 

choosing 

huz/ 

cautious 

k9s 

Christianity 

kr;I 

cease 

cs 

chronology 

kroo 

ceased 

c; 

church 

Hh 

ceases 

cS 

cipher 

ci: 

cede 

cd 

circle 

crK 

ceiling 

ol/ 

circuit 

Rk 

celebration 

Z% 

circulate 

Rq& 

cellar 

sL 

circulation 

Rq' 

cement 

c4 

circumstance 

R3;5 

censure 

s4Y 

circumstantial 

R3;9 

cent 

s4 

citation 

c' 

central 

S4rl 

citizen 

Czn 

centralization 

s4r$ 

citizenship 

Cznp 

centralize 

s4rZ 

city 

C 

centre 

s4r 

civil 

c? 

century 

s4Yy 

civilization 

c?a 

cereal 

Rl 

civilize 

c?z 

certain 

R" 

claim 

elm 

certificate 

R:k 

classification 

ol:' 

certification 

R:' 

classify 

ol: 

certify 

R: 

clause 

clz 

chairman 

HX 

clean 

cln 

challenge 

hlnj 

clear 

11 

chamberlain 

H.ln 

clearing 

IV 

champion 

hmP 

clearly 

llx 

chance 

h5 

clerk 

Ilk 

chancellor 

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chapter 

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character 

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cloak 

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close  (adj) 

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charge 

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close  (verb) 

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chargeable 

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clothing 

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charter 

H- 

clutch 

clh 

contempt 

3"t 

coalition 

kaS 

chartered 

H-d 

coarse 

krs 

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code 

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coercion 

cognizance 

cohabit 

coinage 

coincide 

coincidence 

collapse 

collateral 

collect 

collection 

college 

collision 

collusion 

column 

combination 

combine 

combustible 

come 

comfortable 

coming 

command 

commandant 

commence 

comment 

commercial 

commission 

commit 

committee 

commodity 

common 

communed 

communicate 

communication 

commute 

company 

comparative 

compare 

comparing 

compel 

compensation 

compete 

competition 

complain 

complaint 

complete 

compliant 

complication 


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compliment 

kd 

composition 

kdZ 

compound 

kR8 

comprehend 

3nA 

comprise 

kh_ 

compromise 

knj 

computation 

kncd 

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conceal 

Kps 

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conception 

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concern 

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concession 

Ku8 

conclusion 

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condemnation 

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confection 

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confess 

35 

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34 

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confidential 

318 

confinement 

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confirmation 

31 

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conflict 

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3u& 

conformation 

3nik 

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3ni' 

congeal 

3ut 

congestion 

3p6 

congratulate 

37T 

congress 

37 

conjecture 

37/ 

conjunction 

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connect 

3PS 

connection 

3pt 

conscientious 

3pt8 

conscious 

3Pn 

consecutive 

3P4 

consent 

3Pt 

consequence 

3P14 

conservative 

3P' 

conserve 

3Pm4 

3ps8 

3p& 

38h& 

38z 

38Z 

3pu' 

3put 

3d 

3cd 

3cv 

3cn-t 

3cp8 

3Rn 

3$ 

3kl8 

3krt 

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3d5 

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3Rv 


27 


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convertible 

3Vt2 

considerable 

3sD2 

convey 

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consideration 

3s% 

conveyance 

3va5 

consign 

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convict 

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consignee 

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convince 

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consist 

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k7t 

consolidate 

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cooperation 

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cordage 

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constitution 

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constitutionality 

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corporation 

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contents 

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counsel 

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3"ul 

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country 

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county 

k4y 

contribution 

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coupon 

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control 

Si 

course 

krs 

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SVc 

court 

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controvert 

SVt 

courtesy 

4tc 

convene 

3vn 

covenant 

kvn4 

convenience 

3vn5 

cover 

kV 

convenient 

3vn4 

coward 

kW 

convention 

3vn8 

crash 

kr9 

convergence 

3V  j  5 

crate 

krat 

conversant 

3Vs4 

create 

kret 

conversation 

3VS 

creation 

kre8 

28 


credential 

credit 

crime 

critical 

criticism 

cross 

cruelty 

crush 

crying 

culminate 

cultivate 

cumbersome 

cumulative 

curiosity 

curious 

currency 

current 

curtailment 

custodian 

custody 

custom 

cute 

cylinder 


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dance 

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darken 

darkness 

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date 

dating 

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debt 

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decay 


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krK 

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deception 

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decision 

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decisive 

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declaration 

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deduction 

k;m 

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defense 

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drkn 

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drkns 

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defiance 

dt 

defiant 

dt/ 

deficiency 

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deficient 

dl 

deficit 

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define 

dn 

definite 

dr 

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deflect 

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deform 

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defraud 

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defy 

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degree 

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df/t 

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dJrt 

dG 


29 


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delay 

delegate 

deliberate 

deliberation 

delicate 

delight 

delighted 

delinquent 

deliver 

delivery 

delusion 

demand 

demarcation 

demise 

democracy 

democrat 

demolish 

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demoralize 

demur 

demurrage 

denial 

denomination 

denounce 

dent 

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deny 

depart 

department 

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dependence 

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depict 

deplorable 

deponent 

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derivation 

descent 

description 

desert  (noun) 

desert  (verb) 

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design 

designate 


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despatch 

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destination 

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destitution 

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destruction 

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detail 

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development 

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dktt 

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diligent 

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dimension 

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diminution 

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direct 

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disadvantage 

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discretion 

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discuss 

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disease 

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dishonest 

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dissatisfaction 

2ssf? 

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24 

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dissolution 

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distance 

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easement 

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distinct 

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distraction 

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distribution 

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eastern 

district 

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easy 

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divide 

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division 

dv8 

edition 

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editor 

doctor 

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education 

document 

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efficiency 

domestic 

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effort 

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doubt 

dT 

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drainage 

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electricity 

drinking 
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element 
elementary 

dumb 

dum 

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elevated 

duplication 

dP' 

elevation 

durable 

dur2 

elevator 

duration 

durS 

eligible 

dur/ 
dwl/ 
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31 


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elk 

else 

elsewhere 

embarrass 

embody 

embrace 

emerge 

emigration 

empanel 

emphasize 

employ 

employee 

employer 

employment 

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enclose 

enclosed 

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enclosure 

encounter 

encourage 

end 

ended 

endless 

endorse 

endurance 

enemy 

energy 

enforcement 

engage 

engineer 

England 

English 

enjoin 

enjoy 

enjoyment 

enlarge 

enormous 

enough 

enrage 

enter 

enterprise 

entertain 

entice 

entire 

entitled 

entrance 

entry 


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envelope 

Lk 

envy 

Ls 

equal 

LsW 

equality 

m.s 

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mby 

equipment 

m5s 

equitable 

eMj 

equity 

MG8 

equivalent 

mPl 

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mfZ 

error 

mPo 

escape 

mPe 

especially 

mPr 

establish 

mPo4 

establishment 

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nclsd 

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ncls/ 

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n4j 

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every 

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everybody 

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nDs 

everything 

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eNj 

eviction 

nfs4 

evidence 

ngj 

evident 

njN 

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exact 

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exaction 

njon 

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njo 

examination 

nj4 

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nLj 

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nrj 

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execution 

executor 

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exemption 

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expire 

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export 

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extensive 

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extinct 

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extra 

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extraction 

extraordinary 

extravagant 

extreme 

extrinsic 

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father 

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33 


finance 

financial 

find 

fine 

fined 

finish 

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fixture 

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34 


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35 


harmony 

hart 

has 

hash 

haste 

hasten 

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head 

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healthful 

healthy 

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heart 

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heavy 

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heed 

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horsemanship 

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hospitality 

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house 

hr 

householder 

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humanity 

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humor 

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hysterics 

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identification 

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paralyze 

parcel 

parchment 

pardon 

pardonable 

parentage 

Paris 

parish 

park 

parliament 

parsimony 

parson 

part 

partial 

partiality 

participate 

participation 

particular 

parting 

partition 

partner 

partnership 


on 

parts 

oN 

party 

oNp 

passable 

passage 

passenger 

pas 

passes 

pkk 

passing 

pc 

passion 

p:  ' 

past 

pcj 

paste 

pc/ 

pasture 

PJ 

patch 

pd 

patent 

pn 

patentable 

pnf 

paternal 

pr  . 

patient 

plt2 

patrimony 

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patron 

Pi 

patronize 

pm'  t 

pattern 

PI 

pave 

pnc 

pavement 

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pay 

p7 

payable 

pr 

paying 

72 

payment 

7F 

peace 

711 

peaceable 

7Z 

peaceful 

7sl 

peach 

7h4 

peal 

7dn 

peculiar 

7dn2 

peculiarity 

74j 

pecuniary 

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peel 

pr9 

peep 

7c 

pen 

714 

pencil 

7sXy 

pending 

pr8 

penetrate 

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penitentiary 

791 

penniless 

79L 

penny 

7& 

pension 

7tc' 

people 

7qq 

per 

7t/ 

perceptible 

7t8 

perception 

7tN 

peremptory 

7tNp 

perfect 

7ts 

71 

pa" 

psj 

p8J 

paS 

pass/ 

P8 

p; 

p;e 

psY 

pah 

pT 

pT2 

p-nl 

p94 

p-Xy 

p-n 

p-Z 

ptrn 

pv 

pv4 

pa 

p2 

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pm4 

ps 

ps2 

psf 

Ph 

Pi 

pqq 

pqqR 
pqn. 
pi 

PP 

pn 

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P-t 

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Pyls 

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pr 

7cp2 

7cp8 

7m. 

7f3 


47 


perfection 

perforation 

perform 

performance 

perhaps 

period 

periodical 

perish 

perishable 

perjury 

permanence 

permanent 

permeate 

permissible 

permission 

permit 

perpendicular 

perpetration 

perpetual 

perpetuate 

perpetuity 

persecute 

persecution 

perseverance 

persistence 

person 

personal 

personality 

personalty 

persons 

persuade 

pertain 

perusal 

pester 

petition 

petitioner 

petrify 

petty 

pharmacy 

phenomenon 

phonetic 

phonograph 

phrase 

phrases 

physician 

pick 

picture 

pie 

piece 

piety 


7f? 

pike 

7f8 

pile 

7fm 

pillage 

7fm5 

pillow 

7aps 

pinch 

7id 

pine 

7idK 

pink 

79 

pitch 

792 

pitiable 

7Jy 

pitiful 

7X5 

pittance 

7X4 

pity 

7met 

place 

762 

placed 

7m8 

plague 

7mt 

plaid 

7p&qq 

plain 

7p% 

plainly 

7ptl 

plaintiff 

7ptt 

plan 

7ptl 

plane 

7cq 

plant 

7c' 

plantation 

7cV5 

planting 

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plaster 

7sn 

plate 

7snl 

platform 

78L 

plating 

781  1 

plausible 

7s5 

playful 

7swd 

plea 

7" 

plead 

7uZ 

pleadings 

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pleasant 

pt8 

please 

pt8r 

pleasing 

pt: 

pleasure 

pty 

pledge 

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plenty 

fnXn 

pliable 

fntc 

plight 

fnF 

plum 

Fs 

plumb 

Fss 

plumber 

fs8 

plumbing 

pyc 

plume 

pcY 

plump 

Pi 

plunder 

ps 

plunge 

Pil 

plurality 

pik 

pil 

)j 

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Ph 

pin 

P/k 

pih 

pti2 

ptif 

PA 

Pi 

Ps 

P; 

Pg 

Pd 

Pan 

Pnx 

P4f 

Pn 

Pan 

P4 

P48 

P4/ 

P# 

Pt 

Ptfm 

Pt/ 

Pas2 

P( 

Pe 

Ped 

Pd/s 

Ps4 

Pz 

Pz/ 

PY 

Pj 

P4y 

P12 

Pi 

Pm 

Pm 

PM 

Pm/ 

Pme 

Pmp 

PnD 

Pnj 

PrL 


48 


point 

po4 

precious 

89s 

pointed 

po4d 

precipitate 

Scptt 

pointing 

po4/ 

precise 

8cis 

policy 

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preclude 

8cld 

polish 

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predecessor 

8dSr 

politeness 

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predicament 

8dk4 

polite 

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predicate 

8dk 

political 

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predict 

8yy 

politician 

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prediction 

8d? 

ponderous 

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predispose 

82ps 

poor 

pur 

predominate 

8dXt 

popular 

ppuL 

preface 

8fas 

popularity 

ppLI 

prefer 

8: 

population 

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preferable 

8:2 

port 

prt 

preferably 

8:2y 

portable 

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preference 

8:5 

portend 

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prefix 

8fx 

porter 

7- 

prejudice 

8jds 

portion 

78 

prejudicial 

8jd9 

portray 

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preliminary 

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premeditate 

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premeditation 

8md' 

possession 

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premises 

8mS 

possibility 

p"I 

premium 

8mm 

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preparation 

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postage 

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preparatory 

87. 

post-office 

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prepay 

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potential 

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prepayment 

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pound 

pw& 

preponderance 

8PD5 

poundage 

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SepsS 

pour 

por 

preposterous 

8p#) 

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prerogative 

8rgT 

poverty 

pVt 

prescribe 

Sccb 

power 

pW 

prescription 

8ccp8 

powerful 

pW( 

presence 

8A 

powerless 

pWls 

present  (noun) 

8s4 

practicability 

83L 

present  (verb) 

8z4 

practicable 

832 

presentation 

88' 

practical 

83K 

preservation 

8R' 

practice 

83s 

preserve 

SRv 

practitioner 

838r 

preside 

8sd 

praise 

8z 

president 

8sd4 

preamble 

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press 

8s 

precaution 

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pressing 

8s/ 

precautionary 

8k8. 

pressure 

8Y 

precede 

8cd 

prestige 

8;j 

precedent 

8cd4 

presumable 

8sm2 

preceding 

8cd/ 

presumably 

SsmB 

49 


presume 

presumption 

pretend 

pretense 

pretension 

prevailing 

prevalent 

prevent 

prevention 

previous 

price 

prices 

primarily 

primary 

prime 

principal 

principality 

principally 

print 

prison 

privacy 

private 

privation 

privilege 

prize 

probability 

probable 

probate 

probation 

problem 

procedure 

proceed 

proceeding 

proceedings 

process 

procession 

procure 

produce 

product 

production 

productive 

profess 

profession 

professional 

profit 

profitable 

programme 

progress 

progression 

progressive 


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prohibit 

8sm8 

prohibition 

8"d 

project 

8t5 

projection 

8"8 

prolong 

8?/ 

prolongation 

8?4 

prominent 

8vv 

promise 

8vn8 

promises 

8v) 

promissory 

Sis 

promote 

SiS 

promotion 

8.x 

prompt 

8. 

promulgation 

8m 

pronunciation 

85) 

proof 

85)1 

prop 

85px 

propagate 

84 

propel 

88 

proper 

8vc 

properly 

8V 

property 

8i' 

propitious 

8?j 

proponent 

8z 

proportion 

SbL 

proportional 

8b2 

proportionate 

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proposal 

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propose 

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proposition 

ScJ 

propound 

8ocd 

prosecute 

Socd/ 

prosecution 

8cd/s 

prospect 

8oS 

prospective 

Soft 

prosper 

8Q 

prosperous 

8U 

prostration 

8d3 

protect 

Sod? 

protecting 

8od3v 

protection 

8fs 

protest 

8f8 

protestation 

8f81 

protrude 

8ft 

prove 

8ft2 

provide 

8oM 

providential 

80s 

province 

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provision 

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8hb8 
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81n* 
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8ms. 
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8vd 
8vd9 
8v5 
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50 


proviso 

provocation 

provoke 

provoking 

proximate 

prudent 

prudential 

public 

publication 

publicity 

publish 

publisher 

pugnacious 

pulverize 

pump 

punch 

punctual 

punctuation 

puncture 

punish 

punishable 

punishment 

purchase 

purchasing 

pure 

purification 

purify 

purity 

purpose 

pursuance 

pursuant 

pursue 

pursuit 

push 

put 

puzzle 


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quack 

quadrant 

quadrilateral 

quaint 

qualification 

qualified 

qualify 

quality 

quantity 

quarrel 

quarry 

quart 


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quarter 

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quash 

8vk 

quell 

8vk/ 

quest 

8x& 

question 

8d4 

questionable 

8d9 

quibble 

pblc 

quick 

pbl' 

quickly 

pblC 

quiet 

pb!9 

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pblY 

quit 

pgn9s 

quite 

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pmp 

quizzing 

pnh 

quorum 

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quotation 

p/Y 

quote 

pn9 

P92 

P94 

race 

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racing 

7hs/ 

radiance 

7e 

radiant 

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radiantly 

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radiation 

71 

radical 

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rail 

7su5 

railroad 

7su4 

railway 

7su 

raise 

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ramification 

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ramify 

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random 

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range 

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q8l-l 

rapidity 

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rare 

qlf8 

rarely 

qlfd 

rash 

ql: 

rate 

qL 

rather 

qnl 

ratification 

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ratify  . 

Qy 

ration 

Qt 

rational 

q9 
qel 

q; 

q;n 

q;n2 

q2 

qic 

qcx 

qet 

qir 

qyt 
qi 

qiz 
qz/ 
Qm 
qta 

q' 

qot 


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rs/ 

rdi5 

rdi4 

rdi4x 

rdi8 

rdK 

rl 

rlrd 

rlw 

rz 

rx 

rmf8 

rm: 

rn 

r&m 

r/ 

rnj 

rpd 

rpl 

rr 

rrx 

r9 

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rhh 

rtf8 

rt: 

ra8 

r81 


51 


ray 

ra 

recurrence 

reach 

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redeem 

react 

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redress 

reaction 

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reduce 

read 

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readily 

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reenforce 

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rdy 

reference 

real 

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reform 

reality 

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refrain 

realization 

raS 

refresh 

realize 

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refund 

realty 

rLt 

refusal 

reapportion 

ra78 

refuse 

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regard 

reason 

r8 

regarding 

reasonable 

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regardless 

rebate 

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register 

rebuild 

r2d 

regret 

rebut 

rB 

regulate 

rebuttal 

rBl 

regulation 

recall 

rK 

rehearing 

recapitulate 

rkp& 

reiteration 

recapitulation 

rkp&8 

reject 

recede 

red 

rejected 

receipt 

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rejoinder 

receivable 

rcv2 

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relative 

receiver 

rcV 

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recent 

rc4 

rplevant 

recently 

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reliable 

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reliance 

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rcp4 

relief 

reciprocity 

rc8C 

relieve 

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rc% 

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recognize 

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reluctant 

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recommend 

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recommendation 

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remember 

reconcilable 

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remit 

reconsider 

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remittance 

record 

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remote 

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recreation 

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render 

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rendition 

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rMk 

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rmm 

rmt 

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rraot 

ruv 

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rnD 

r&8 


52 


renew 

rnu 

renewal 

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renounce 

rn5 

renouncing 

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rented 

r4d 

renunciation 

rn58 

repair 

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reparation 

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repay 

rpa 

repeal 

r) 

repel 

rpl 

repetition 

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replace 

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reply 

rP 

report 

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represent 

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r88E 

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r8m& 

reproduce 

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republic 

rpblc 

republican 

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repudiate 

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repulse 

r)s 

reputable 

rput2 

reputation 

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request 

rq; 

require 

rQ 

requisite 

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requisition 

rqs8 

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rsy& 

rescission 

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rs2 

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rR' 

reside 

rsd 

residuary 

rsd. 

residue 

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rzn 

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resource 

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rvnu 

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rvu 

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rvk2 

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53 


rout 

rT 

scan 

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scarce 

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scheming 

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scientific 

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salutation 

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sanctity 

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sanguine 

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sanity 

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secondary 

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54 


sediment 

sedition 

see 

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seeds 

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seizes 

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seminary 

senator 

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sensation 

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sensibility 

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serious 

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serviceable 

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55 


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56 


specially 

specialty 

specification 

specify 

specimen 

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speed 

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stability 

stable 

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stationary 

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stem 

;m 

,  I/ 

stencil 

;nZ 

,nd 

stenography 

;nFy 

s: 

sterilize 

;rz 

»yn/ 

steward 

;w 

>  ir 

stiff 

;  if 

,ok 

still 

;yl 

,n") 

stimulation 

;mu' 

ww 

sting 

;/ 

wwa/ 

stipulate 

;  )  t 

ww/ 

stipulation 

;p' 

ww/K 

stitch 

;h 

sql 

stock 

;oc 

sQ 

stockholder 

;clD 

sQx 

stoke 

;ok 

sqz 

stone 

;on 

;L 

stony 

;o6 

;2 

stood 

;ud 

;c 

stop 

;op 

, 

stoppage 

»PJ 

;g' 

storage 

;rj 

;k 

storeroom 

;rrm 

;le 

storm 

;rm 

;1 

story 

;  . 

>mp 

stowage 

;wj 

;ah 

straight 

#t 

;& 

straightforward 

#tfW 

;&0 

strain 

#n 

;&/ 

strange 

#nj 

strategy 

#tj 

;r 

stream 

#m 

;rh 

street 

#t 

;rt 

strengthen 

#//n 

; 

stretch 

$h 

;E 

strew 

#w 

;V 

strewing 

#w/ 

;t4 

stricture 

#ikY 

;8 

strike 

#ik 

;8. 

striking 

#k/ 

;t;x 

strip 

#yp 

;tt 

stripped 

#ypt 

57 


striving 

#v/ 

superficial 

#f9 

stroll 

#ol 

superintend 

#4& 

strong 

#o/ 

superior 

#Y 

structural 

#kYl 

supersede 

#cd 

strung 

#u/ 

superstition 

i% 

stubble 

;u2 

superstructure 

##kY 

stubborn 

;  .n 

supervision 

#v8 

student 

;d4 

supplant 

sP4 

stuff 

;uf 

supplement 

sPm4 

stupidity 

;pi 

supply 

sP 

style 

;ii 

support 

SU7t 

stylish 

;19 

supposition 

sps8 

subdivide 

syy 

supreme 

s8m 

subdue 

sdu 

sure 

Y 

subject 

sj3 

surety 

YI 

subjection 

sj? 

surpass 

Rps 

subjugate 

sjg 

surprise 

R8z 

sublet 

sblt 

surround 

sr& 

submission 

smS 

survey 

Rva 

submit 

sbmt 

survival 

srv? 

subordination 

80' 

suspect 

s,3 

subpoena 

sPa 

suspend 

Sp& 

subscribe 

sccb 

suspicion 

Sp8 

subscription 

sccpS 

sustain 

S" 

subsequent 

scq4 

swallowing 

swlo/ 

subsidiary 

ss. 

sway 

swa 

subsidize 

ssZ 

swell 

swl 

substance 

s;5 

sweep 

swp 

substitution 

sb% 

sweet 

swt 

subtract 

s-3 

swimmer 

swM 

succeed 

skcd 

swindle 

sw&l 

success 

skS 

syllabic 

Zbc 

such 

8 

syllable 

Z2 

suction 

su? 

symmetrical 

sm-K 

sue 

su 

sympathize 

smpZ 

suffer 

su: 

system 

s  ;m 

sufficient 

sff 

systematic 

s;kk 

suffrage 

sFj 

systematize 

s;mZ 

suggest 

sj; 

suit 

sut 

T 

suitable 

sut2 

table 

t2 

sum 

sm 

tabulate 

tb& 

summary 

am. 

tack 

tc 

summer 

sM 

tactical 

tcK 

summons 

sXs 

tactician 

t38 

sun 

sn 

take 

tk 

Sunday 

snd 

takes 

tks 

sunny 

s6 

taken 

tkn 

sunrise 

snZ 

taking 

tk/ 

sunshine 

sn8 

talk 

tlk 

58 


talking 

tangible 

tangle 

tape 

tar 

tardy 

tarnish 

task 

taste 

tasteful 

tasteless 

tasting 

taught 

taunt 

tax 

taxable 

taxation 

tea 

teach 

teacher 

teaching 

teak 

team 

tear  (noun) 

tear  (verb) 

tease 

teeth 

teething 

telegram 

telegraph 

telegraphic 

telephone 

tell 

temper 

temperament 

temperature 

tempest 

temporary 

temptation 

tempting 

ten 

tenable 

tenant 

tenantable 

tend 

tendency 

tender 

tending 

tenement 

tension 


tlk/ 

tent 

"J2 

term 

t/1 

terminate 

tp 

termination 

trr 

terminus 

-dy 

terms 

-n9 

terrify 

tsk 

territory 

t;e 

terror 

t;f 

test 

t;ls 

testament 

t;/ 

testamentary 

tau 

testate 

ta^ 

testator 

tx 

testify 

tx2 

testimonial 

tx8 

testimony 

te 

text 

th 

textile 

tY 

than 

th/ 

thank 

tk 

thankful 

tin 

that 

tr 

the 

tar 

theatre 

tz 

their 

tth 

them 

tth/ 

themselves 

%M 

then 

%F 

thence 

%Fc 

theorize 

%fn 

theory 

tl 

there 

"7 

thereafter 

"74 

thereby 

"7Y 

therefore 

"P; 

therefrom 

"7. 

therein 

tm' 

thereof 

"t/ 

thereon 

tn 

thereunder 

"2 

thereupon 

"4 

therewith 

"42 

thermometer 

"d 

these 

"dnc 

they 

"D 

thigh 

"d/ 

thin 

"m4 

thing 

"8 

think 

"t 

trm 

-Xt 

-X8 

-X) 

trms 


-r 

t; 

t;4 

t;4. 

t;t 

t;a- 

t;  : 

t;Xl 

t;Xy 

tx 

tx% 

/an 

/k 

/kf 

5 

e 

/a- 


/mZs 
/n 
/5 
/oZ 


-Q 
-b 
-f 
-F 
-i 
-o 
-on 

-K 
-w 
-mm 

/z 
& 

/i 

/yn 

// 

//k 


59 


thinking 

//k/ 

to-morrow 

qWo 

this 

/ 

to-night 

qni 

thorough 

/oro 

tonnage 

"j 

thoroughfare 

/oro: 

tontine 

mm 

thoroughly 

/orx 

too 

q 

those 

/oz 

took 

tuk 

thou 

/ou 

torment 

trm4 

though 

/o 

torrent 

tr4 

thought 

/au 

torture 

trY 

thoughtlessness 

/aull 

total 

ttl 

threat 

/rt 

totally 

ttx 

threatening 

/r"/ 

touch 

tun 

three 

/re 

touching 

tuh/ 

threw 

/ru 

tough 

tuf 

thriving 

/rv/ 

tourist 

tr; 

through 

/ru 

towage 

toj 

throughout 

/ruT 

toward 

tw 

throw 

/ro 

towards 

tWs 

thunder 

/- 

town 

twn 

Thursday 

-sd 

trace 

-s 

thus 

/us 

traction 

-7 

ticket 

tkt 

trade 

-d 

tide 

tid 

traffic 

-fc 

tidings 

td/s 

train 

-n 

tidy 

tdy 

traitor 

-- 

tie 

ti 

transact 

"3 

tied 

tid 

transaction 

»? 

tight 

tit 

transcribe 

"ccb 

tighten 

ti" 

transfer 

it  . 

tiling  ' 

til/ 

transform 

"fm. 

till 

tyi 

transient 

n  14 

tillage 

%J 

transition 

"8 

timber 

n 

translate 

"It 

time 

n 

translation 

n  • 

timely 

"x 

transmission 

"m8 

timesaving 

"sv/ 

transparent 

"74 

tinge 

"j 

transpire 

-57 

tint 

ti4 

transport 

"7t 

tip 

typ 

transportation 

"7' 

tissue 

t9u 

transverse 

"Vs 

title 

t%- 

travel 

-vl 

to 

q 

tray 

-a 

tobacco 

tbko 

tread 

-ed 

to-day 

qd 

treason 

-8 

together 

tg-  . 

treasonable 

-82 

token 

tokn 

treasurer 

-Yr 

told 

tid 

treasury 

-Yy 

tolerable 

tL2 

treat 

-t 

tolerably 

tL2y 

treatment 

-t4 

toleration 

tL8 

treble 

-2 

60 


tree 

trend 

trespass 

trespasser 

triable 

trial 

tribulation 

tribute 

trick 

trifling 

trip 

triplicate 

triumphant 

trivial 

trouble 

trover 

truck 

true 

trump 

trunk 

trust 

trustee 

trustworthy 

truth 

truthful 

try 

Tuesday 

tuition 

tumult 

tunnel 

turn 

twice 

twilight 

two 

type 

typewriter 

typewriting 

typical 

U 

ugly 
ultimate 
ultimatum 
umpire 
unable 

unaccustomed 
unacquainted 
unarmed 
unauthorized 
unaware 


-e 

unbalanced 

u25t 

-nd 

unbecoming 

ub3/ 

-,s 

uncertain 

uR" 

-,R 

unchangeable 

uxx2 

-i2 

unchanged 

uxxd 

-il 

uncivilized 

uc?zd 

-b' 

uncollected 

uK3d 

-bt 

uncommon 

u3n 

-ic 

unconcerned 

u3R& 

-'/ 

unconscionable 

u382 

-yp 

unconscious 

u39s 

-Pk 

unconstitutional 

u3%l 

-uff 

unconstitutionally 

u37'  L 

-vil 

uncover 

ukV 

-u2 

undated 

udE 

-V 

undeniable 

_ni2 

-uc 

under 

-u 

underestimate 

I& 

-up 

underground 

_G& 

-/ 

underhanded 

_Hd 

tt 

undermine 

_X 

tte 

underneath 

-n/ 

ttwi 

underrate 

_rt 

-th 

undersigned 

_s& 

-tf 

undersized 

_szd 

-i 

undersold 

_Zd 

qsd 

understand 

tu8 

undertake 

_tk 

tmlt 

undertook 

_tuk 

tnl 

underwrite 

_ri 

trn 

underwriter 

_r- 

tws 

undesirable 

_B2 

twit 

undoing 

udu/ 

q 

undoubted 

JE 

tip 

undoubtedly 

_Ex 

18- 

undue 

udu 

181/ 

uneasy 

uzy 

tpK 

unemployed 

umPd 

unequal 

ueql 

uneven 

uevn 

ugx 

unexpected 

uxp3d 

L& 

unfair 

u: 

L&m 

unfaithful 

uf/f 

um7 

unfamiliar 

ufmL 

u2 

unfasten 

ufsn 

uk;md 

unfavorable 

ufV2 

ukw4d 

unfilled 

u(d 

urmd 

unfit 

uft 

uaZd 

unfold 

u(d 

uaW 

unforeseen 

ufcn 

61 


unfortunate 

unfound 

unfounded 

unfurnished 

ungentlemanly 

ungrateful 

unhandy 

unhealthy 

uniform 

uniformity 

unincumbered 

uninhabitable 

uninjured 

union 

unit 

universal 

university 

unjust 

unkind 

unknown 

unlawful 

unless 

unlike 

unlikely 

unlimited 

unload 

unlucky 

unmanageable 

unmarried 

unmistakable 

unnecessary 

unofficial 

unpaid 

unpleasant 

unpopular 

unprecedented 

unprincipled 

unprofitable 

unreasonable 

unrivaled 

unsafe 

unsaid 

unsealed 

unseat 

unsightly 

unsold 

unsound 

unsuited 

unsurpassed 

until 


uf& 

untilled 

ufw& 

untimely 

ufw&d 

untold 

u:n9t 

untrue 

uj41Xx 

unwilling 

uGtf 

unwise 

uHy 

unworthy 

uhll 

up 

uifm 

upheld 

ui:I 

uphold 

ui3bO 

upon 

uih_2 

upper 

uiJd 

upright 

un 

uprising 

ut 

upward 

uiVZ 

urge 

uiVC 

urgent 

uj; 

us 

uk& 

usable 

ukn 

use  (noun) 

ulf 

use  (verb) 

uls 

used 

ulk 

useful 

ulkx 

useless 

ulmE 

usual 

ulod 

usurious 

ulcy 

usury 

uXj2 

utility 

uMid 

utilize 

u6tk2 

utmost 

unS. 

utter 

uof9 

utterly 

upd 

uPs4 

uppL 

vacancy 

u8cd4d 

vacant 

u85)d 

vacation 

u8ft2 

vague 

ur82 

valid 

uri?d 

validity 

usf 

valuable 

usd 

valuation 

ucld 

value 

uct 

vanish 

ustx 

variance 

uZd 

variation 

USO& 

variety 

usuE 

various 

uRp; 

vary 

u% 

veal 

u%d 

u"x 

utld 

u-u 

uwl/ 

uZ 

uWI 

U 

Uld 

Udd 

K 

Ur 

Uri 

UZ/ 

UW 

urj 

RJ4 

s 

us2 

us 

z 

zd 

us( 

usls 

u9 

uY) 

uYy 

a%l 

U','Z 

Tm; 

u- 

u-x 


v3c 
vk4 
v' 
vg 


?u2 

?u8 

?u 

vn9 

Vi5 

Vi8 

Vil 

V) 

Vy 

vl 


62 


vegetation 

veil 

velocity 

vend 

vendee 

vendor 

veneration 

vent 

ventilation 

ventilator 

venture 

veracity 

verbal 

verdict 

verge 

verification 

verify 

vernacular 

version 

very 

vessel 

vest 

veto 

vexation 

vicinity 

victim 

view 

vindication 

vine 

violation 

violence 

violent 

visible 

vision 

vitality 

vitiate 

vocation 

vogue 

void 

voidable 

volition 

volume 

voluntary 

vote 

voter 

voting 

voyage 

vulcanize 


vj' 

val 

wade 

?C 

wage 

v& 

wages 

v&e 

waist 

v&r 

wait 

vN8 

waiter 

waive 

vv 

wander 

vv' 

want 

'  vvl- 

wanted 

vnY 

wants 

VC 

war 

V2 

ward 

Vyy 

warehouse 

Vj 

warn 

*  \J 

V:  ' 

warrant 

V: 

warranty 

Vqq 

wary 
was 

V8 

wash 

V 

waste 

VZ 

watch 

v; 

water 

vto 

wave 

vx8 

way 

vcl 

ways 

vc" 

wayward 
we 

vu 
v&' 

vin 

weak 
wealth 

wear 

vi' 

vi!5 
vi!4 

weary 
weather 
weave 

vs2 
vi8 
viL 
v9t 

weaving 
wedge 
Wednesday 
week 

vo' 

weekly 

vog 

weigh 

vd 

weight 

vd2 

welcome 

voS 

welfare 

?um 

well 

??y 

went 

vt 

were 

V- 

west 

vt/ 

western 

voj 

wharfage 

?3z 

what 

wd 

wj 

wjs 

w; 

wt 

wa- 

wv 

wnD 

w4 

w4d 

w4s 

wr 

wO 

Whs 

Wn 

W4 

W4y 

w. 

z 

wa9 

w; 

wh 

w- 

wv 

wa 

ws 

wW 

w 

wek 

with 

W 

we. 

whh 

wev 

wev/ 

wej 

w5d 

wk 

wkx 

wa 

wt 

w!3 

wl: 

wl 

wnt 

W 

wst 

w#n 

Wfj 


63 


when 

wn 

within 

whenever 

wnV 

without 

where 

W 

withstand 

whereabouts 

W_s 

withstood 

whereas 

Wx 

witness 

whereby 

Wb 

witty 

wherefore 

Wf 

wonderful 

wherein 

Wi 

word 

whereof 

Wo 

work 

whereon 

Won 

workmanship 

whereupon 

WK 

workshop 

wherever 

WV 

world 

whether 

whh 

worry 

which 

h 

worth 

whichever 

hV 

worthy 

while 

yi 

would 

white 

wit 

wreck 

who 

0 

wren 

whoever 
whole 

0V 
hoi 

wretched 

wholesale 
whom 

hlZ 

wring 
wringing 

whose 

Z 

wrinkle 

why 

y 

writ 

wide 

yd 

write 

widely 

ydx 

writing 

widen 

ydn 

written 

widow 

wdo 

wrong 

wife 

yf 

wrongful 

wild 
wilful 

yld 
wlf 

wrongly 
wrote 

will 
willing 

1 
wl/ 

wrought 

win 

wyn 

wine 

yn 

wing 

w/ 

yacht 

wink 

w/k 

yard 

winning 

wyn/ 

yardage 

winter 

wn- 

year 

wire 

yr 

yearly 

wired 

yo 

years 

wiry 

y. 

yellow 

wisdom 

wsdm 

yes 

wise 
wish 

yz 

w9 

yesterday 

_,  _  A 

wit 

wyt 

yet 

with 

w 

you 

withdraw 

w/S 

your 

witdrawal 
withheld 

w/Sl 
w/ld 

yours 
yourself 

withhold 

w/dd 

youthful 

w/i 

w/T 

w/- 

w/;d 

wtns 

wyl 

yD( 

Wd 

Wk 

WkXp 

Wk9p 

Wld 

wo. 

Wt 

WI 

# 

rec 

rn 

rhd 

r/ 

r// 

r/K 

ryt 

rit 

rit/ 

ry" 

wr/ 

wr/f 

wr/x 

rot 

rau 


yat 

Yd 

Ydj 

Y 

Yx 

Yz 

ylo 

ys 

y#d 

yt 

u 

Y 

Ys 

YZf 

u/f 


64 


Z  zigzag  zgz 

zeal  zl  zinc  z/ 

zealous  zl)  zone  zn 

zenith  zn/  zoo  zu 

zero  zro  zoology  zoo 

The  short  forms  shown  in  this  chapter  contain  only 
the  characters  that  are  on  practically  every  keyboard, 
being  designed  for  use  when  the  work  is  done  on  a  small 
keyboard,  such  as  Keyboard  A. 

When  a  word  is  frased  on  a  small  board,  the  frasing 
often  further  reduces  the  form.   When  written  on  a  larger 
board,  such  as  B,  C  or  D,  page  87,  the  additional 
characters  which  those  boards  contain,  in  many  cases 
permit  a  reduction  in  a  word  standing  alone.   In  a  further 
class  of  cases,  when  writing  on  a  larger  board,  both 
the  board  and  a  frasing  principle  operate  jointly  on  the 
same  short  form  to  produce  a  double  reduction. 

These  additional  contractions  are  treated  in  the 
following  chapters. 


65 


CHAPTER  10 
FRASING 

The  term  "frasing,"  as  here  used,  means  either  the 
representation  of  a  frase  by  a  single  character,  or  by 
joining  two  or  more  characters  with  no  intervening  space. 

The  following  frases  are  shown  by  the  single  charac- 
ters placed  opposite  thereto: 

that  the  "        under  the  _       from  the  ) 
by  the    #        and  the    &       with  the  : 

of  a 

of  an     ft        at  the  in  the 

of  the    %        for  the   (        to  the    ? 

Generally  these  characters  should  stand  alone  when 
indicating  their  frase  meaning: 

the  records  of  the  corporation      e  %ds  %  4% 

Here  the  character  %  is  seen  in  three  positions,  initial, 
alone,  and  final,  each  carrying  a  different  meaning. 
But  in  work  where  "the  records  of  the  corporation" 
occurs  with  any  frequency,  it  can  be  written  as  a  unit, 
thus:  e%ds%4% 

The  basic  principle  upon  which  frasing  rests  is  that 
a  frase  is  regarded  as  a  unit  between  the  words  of  which, 
in  many  cases,  spaces  are  not  needed,  and  the  contractions 
for  frases  which  are  shown  by  more  than  one  character 
are  accomplished  by  the  following  methods: 

1  Initial  Letter  Frasing  is  using  the  first  letter 
of  each  word.     executor  or  administrator  eoa 

2  Word-Sign  Frasing  is  using  the  word-signs  for  the 
individual  words.    on  which  nh 

3  Capital  Letter  Frasing  shows  each  of  the  principal 
words  by  a  single  capital  letter. 

Collector  of  the  Port  C%P 

Chief  of  the  General  Staff  C%GS 

Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  C%X 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  SC9US 

Chief  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  CJr;CA 
the  opinion  of  the  Chief  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals 

4  Compound  Frasing  combines  any  two  or  more  of  the 
preceding  methods.    in  order  to  ioq 

In  this  group  it  is  sometimes  an  advantage  to  show  the 
more  important  sounds,  thereby  placing  less  burden  on 
the  memory.    in  restrain  of  trade   ir#4o-d 

66 


Each  frase,  then,  gravitates  to  one  of  these  four 
groups,  and  the  application  of  the  principles  of  the  four 
methods  to  any  frase  will  show  to  which  group  it  belongs. 
The  main  point  is  that  when  the  short  form  derived  under 
either  method  conflicts  with  any  word  or  frase  of  greater 
importance,  that  method  will  not  answer.   For  instance, 
"after  the"  if  contracted  by  the  first  method  produces 
"at";  under  the  second,  "Qe."  To  promote  rapidity  in 
reading,  Qe  is  adopted. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  frasing  is  not  only  a  means  of 
reducing  the  number  of  touches,  but  also  of  distinguishing 
between  the  several  meanings  of  the  same  character: 

and  overestimated  the  time  d  '&d  e" 

he  said  that  the  necessary  information 
would  be  given  at  the  proper  time 

p  sed  "  nSif  #bg  '  8o7" 

In  frasing,  a  word  is  not  necessarily  written  the 
same  as  when  it  stands  alone,  but  it  may  often  be  re- 
duced, as  is  the  case  with  "necessary"  in  the  last  frase 
shown . 

Where  a  capital  letter  is  a  word-sign  for  more  than 
one  word,  the  handling  of  such  capitals  in  frases  may  be 
illustrated  by  K.   When  necessary  to  prevent  conflict,  it 
stands  alone  for  "upon,"  and  is  frased  for  "call": 

they  will,  upon  information  being 

furnished  &1,  K  if  b/  :n9t 

they  will  call,  information 

being  furnished  &1K,  if  b/  :n9t 

Where  there  is  no  danger  of  conflict,  there  is  no 
necessity  for  spacing: 

has  been  there       ,  ?- 
construction  of  the  3#% 

The  names  of  individuals,  business  houses  and 
corporations  are  written  as  a  unit,  except  when  necessary 
to  distinguish  them  from  a  slightly  different  name.   In 
these  frases,  "company"  is  shown  by  k 

trust  company  ttk 

insurance  company  iY5k 

J.  S.  Anderson  js&r8 

J.  Sanderson  j  s&r8 

J.  J.  Barrington  jj./" 

Judge  Barrington  jj  ./" 

.  Smith  &  Company  sm/dk 

George  Jones  &  Company  JjjSdk 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  prrk 

67 


CHAPTER  11 
FRASES 

This  list  is  designed  to  illustrate  the  principles 
stated  in  the  previous  chapter,  and  after  seeing  their 
application,  one  can  readily  assign  a  short  form  for  any 
frase. 


a  few  afu 

a  few  more  afuM 

a  great  many  agm 

a  number  of  ano 

a  young  man  ay/X 

able  to  2q 

able  to  make  2q) 

about  that  time  ATS" 

about  which  ATh 

absolutely  necessary  an 

according  to  the  kO? 

according  to  your  kOY 

acknowledging  your  kY 

acknowledging  your  favor  kYV 

acknowledging  your  order  kYO 
acknowledging  your  order  of  the 

27th  kY027 
acknowledging  your  order  of  the 

10th  instant  kYOlOi 

acknowledging  your  telegram  kY% 

acknowledging  your  wire  kYW 

after  that  time  Q5" 

after  the  Qe 

after  the  time  Qe" 
am  a  ) 

am  an)  2a 

am  able  22 

am  able  to  22q 

am  able  to  be  22qb 

am  able  to  be  there  22qb- 

am  unable  2u2 

am  unable  to  2u2q 

am  unable  to  be  2u2qb 

am  unable  to  be  there  2u2qb- 

68 


amounted  to 

and  a  ) 

and  an) 

and  any 

and  Company 

and  that 

and  the 

and  this 

another  one 

answering  your  communication 

answering  yours  of  the  26th 

any  other 

any  other  one 

are  not 

as  far  as 

as  follows 

as  it  is 

as  long  as 

as  much  as 

as  per  his 

as  per  their 

as  per  your 

as  per  your  order 

as  per  your  telegram 

as  per  your  wire 

as  soon  as 

as  soon  as  you  can 

as  the 

as  well  as 

at  all 

at  all  times 

at  any  rate 

at  first 

at  home 

at  last 

at  least 

at  length 

at  most 

at  once 

at  one  time 

at  present 

69 


aoEq 

da 

d6 

dk 

d5 

& 

d/ 

a4y 

5  Y38 

5/Ys26 

64 

64y 

rj 

x:x 

x(s 

xts 

xl/x 

x?x 

x7hs 

x7- 

x7Y 

xTYO 

x7Y% 

x7YW 

xsx 

xsxu3 

xe 

xwlx 

TL 

TL"s 

T6rt 

T:  ; 

Thorn 

Tl; 

Tie; 

Tl// 

Tm; 

Ty5 

Ty" 

T8s4 


at  some  time 

at  that  time 

at  the 

at  the  last  minute 

at  the  present  time 

at  the  present  moment 

at  the  same  time 

at  their  request 

at  your 

at  your  convenience 

awaiting  his 

awaiting  their 

awaiting  their  instructions 

awaiting  your 

awaiting  your  advice 

awaiting  your  instructions 

awaiting  your  order 


B 


better  prices 
better  than 
bill  of  lading 
bill  of  sale 
bond  and  mortgage 
British  Empire 
brother-in-law 

by  a  ) 

by  an) 

by  any 

by  any  other 

by  any  other  means 

by  reason  of 

by  return  mail 

by  that 

by  that  means 

by  the 

by  their 

by  this 

by  this  mail 


TJ" 
T5" 

'l;Xut 

V 

'pm 

'A" 

T-qq 

TY 

TY35 

a/hs 

a/- 

a/-i#s 

a/Y 

a/YI 

a/Yi#s 

a/YO 


b-8S 

b-t 

21/ 

bos 

bam 

5t9m7 

Shhil 

be 

b6 

b64 

b64Xs 

bro 

brml 

b5 

b5Xs 

# 
ta- 
b/a 

b/ml 


70 


can  a  ) 

can  an)  3a 

can  be  3b 

cannot  be  3jb 

cannot  be  done  3jbdn 

cannot  be  made  3jb( 

capital  stock  cK;c 

careful  consideration  4f3s?^ 

certified  check  cc 

Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  C%X 
Chief  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals   CJ?rCA 

Chief  of  the  General  Staff  C%GS 

Civil  Engineer  c?njN 

clerical  error  UKRr 

collateral  security  K-1QI 

Collector  of  the  Port  C%P 

comes  from  3sF 

common  sense  3ns5 

common  stock  3n;c 

construction  of  the  3#% 

Court  not  of  Record  cnor 

Court  of  Equity  coe 

Court  of  Record  cor 


Dear  Madam  Dm 

Dear  Sir  DR 

did  not  Dj 

did  not  accomplish  DJ&19 

did  not  expect  Djxp3 

did  not  receive  Djrcv 

do  I  understand  dui 

do  I  understand  that  they  will  dui 5&1 

do  you  duu 

do  you  recommend  duu%& 

does  not  dsj 


each  and  every 
each  and  every  one 
each  one 


EdeVy 

EdeVyy 

Ey 


Eastern  States 
entitled  to  receive 
entitled  to  recover 
every  part 
every  particular 
executive  committee 
executor  or  administrator 
express  charges 


e#n;s 

nt%qrcv 

nt7cqrkV 

eVy7t 

eVyTqq 

xqT3I 

eoa 

xSsHjs 


favorable  conditions 

first  mortgage 

for  a  ) 

for  an) 

for  another 

for  another  one 

for  any 

for  anyone 

for  any  kind 

for  any  other 

for  any  purpose 

for  example 

for  if 

for  instance 

for  its 

for  that 

for  that  purpose 

for  the 

for  the  purpose  of 

for  there  is 

for  these 

for  these  reasons 

from  day  to  day 

from  the 

from  time  to  time 

from  week  to  week 

from  year  to  year 


fV23d8s 
:;Mgj 

fa 

fa4 

fa4y 

f6 

f6y 

f6k& 

f64 

f67ps 

fx) 

fl 

fi;5 

fts 

f5 

f57ps 

( 

(7pso 

f-s 

f/z 

f/zr8s 

Fdd 

) 
pun 

Fwkwk 
FYY 


give  a  ) 
give  an) 
give  instructions 


72 


gi#s 


give  their 
giving  the 
giving  their 
glad  to  hear 
glad  to  know 
glad  to  see 
good  weather 
Great  Britain 
great  deal 
greater  than 


g- 
g/e 
g/- 
gqH 

gqk 
gqc 

gdwhh 
Gt5" 
Gtdl 
G-t 


had  been 

has  been 

has  been  there 

has  been  under 

have  been 

have  been  received 

have  been  shipped 

have  you 

have  you  a  ) 

have  you  an) 

have  you  another 

have  you  another  one 

have  you  any 

have  you  any  of  the 

have  you  some 

have  you  some  of  the 

having  been 

having  occasion 

he  had 

he  has 

he  has  not 

he  has  not  been 

highest  bidder 


P? 


v? 

v?rcvd 
v?9pt 
vu 

vua 
vua4 
vua4y 
vu6 

vu6% 
vuJ 

vuJ% 

v/? 
v/o' 

pp 

P) 

p.j 

p,j? 

i;bD 


I  am 
I  may 
if  a  ) 
if  an) 
if  another 


73 


i2 
im 

la 

ISA 


if  any 

if  anybody 

if  anybody  else 

if  anyone 

if  anyone  of  the 

if  he 

if  it  will 

if  it  will  be 

if  the 

if  there 

if  there  are 

if  there  are  not 

if  there  is 

if  you 

if  you  are 

if  you  are  in  touch 

if  you  are  interested 

immediate  attention 

imported  from  France 

in  a  ) 
in  an) 

in  accordance  with 

in  any 

in  connection  with 

in  consideration  of 

in  consideration  of  the 

in  every  case 

in  fact 

in  favor  of 

in  like  manner 

in  my 

in  order  to 

in  reference  to 

in  regard  to 

in  regard  to  the 

in  respect  to  the 

in  restraint  of  trade 

in  the 

in  the  first  place 

in  the  manner 

in  the  meantime 


16 

I6by 

I6byLs 

ley 

I6y% 

IP 

iti 

Itlb 

le 

I- 

I-r 

I-rj 

I-s 

lu 

lur 

lurith 

Iur?;d 

id"8 

)EFF5 

ia 

ikOSw 

i6 

i3w 

i3o 

13% 

ieVks 

if3 

ifVo 

ilkmN 

i  m 

ioq 

ir:5q 

irgq 

irg? 

ir,3? 

ir#4o-d 


.mN 
.X" 


74 


in  the  same  .A 

in  the  same  manner  .AmN 

in  the  same  way  .Aw 

in  their  possession  i-p$ 

in  trust  itt 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission  ?;338 

into  a  ) 

into  an)  iqa 

into  the  i? 
is  a  ) 

is  an)  sa 

is  another  sa4 

is  not  sj 
is  not  a  ) 

is  not  an)  sja 

is  one  of  the  sy% 

is  or  is  not  sRsj 

is  the  se 

it  cannot  t3j 

it  cannot  be  t3jb 

it  is  ts 

it  is  a  ) 

it  is  an)  tsa 

it  is  necessary  tsnS 

it  is  necessary  for  tsnSf 

it  is  necessary  for  him  tsnSfX 

it  is  necessary  for  his  tsnSfhs 

it  is  necessary  for  his  own 

protection  tsnSfhsnSt? 

it  is  necessary  for  me  tsnSfm 

it  is  necessary  for  my  tsnSfm 

it  is  necessary  for  my  own  tsnSfmn 

it  is  necessary  for  our  tsnSfr 

it  is  necessary  for  our  own  tsnSfrn 

it  is  necessary  for  that  tsnSf5 
it  is  necessary  for  you  to  be  there   tsnSfuqb- 

it  is  not  tsj 

it  is  not  a  ) 

it  is  not  an)  tsja 

it  is  not  necessary  tsjnS 

it  is  safe  to  say  tssfqs 

it  is  understood  ts_;d 

75 


it  is  understood  that 

it  might 

it  might  be 

it  might  have  been 

it  was  not 

it  was  not  a 

it  would 

it  would  be 


ts_;d5 

tmt 

tmtb 

tmtv? 

tzj 

tzja 

t# 

t#b 


jet  black  jtBc 

jobbing  house  jb/hs 

joint  stock  company  J4;ck 

judgment  for  the  plaintiff  jj4(P4f 

judgment  reversed  jj4rV; 

just  as  good  as  j;xgdx 

just  as  long  as  j :xl/x 

just  as  soon  as  j;xsx 

just  as  soon  as  possible  j;xsxp" 

just  as  well  as  j;xwlx 

just  as  well  as  not  j;xwlxj 

just  heard  j ;Hd 

K 

kindly  inform  us 
know  there  is 
know  there  is  no 
know  they  are 
knowing  the 
knowing  their 
knowledge  of  the 
knowledge  of  the  fact 
knowledge  of  the  fact  that 
knowledge  of  the  fact  that  you  are 
known  to  be 
knows  there  is  ks-s 


last  Monday 

last  Monday  night 

last  Thursday 


76 


l;Xd 

l;Xdnt 

l;-sd 


last  year 

latest  and  best 

latter  part  of 

leave  it  to  us 

leave  there 

legal  tender 

less  than 

liberty  of  the  press 

lower  than 


lt;db; 
Ipo 
Ivtqs 
Iv- 

lgl"D 
Is/n 

1. 1' ',8s 
iwt 


many  more 

many  other 

may  a  ) 

may  an) 

may  another 

may  be 

may  be  a  ) 

may  be  an) 

may  be  any 

may  be  anyone 

may  be  that 

may  be  that  that 

may  have  been 

may  have  been  there 

may  see 

mechanic's  lien 

more  or  less 

more  than 

must  be 

must  be  given 

must  be  there 

must  begin 


ma 

ma4 

mb 

mba 

mb6 

mb6y 

mb5 

mb55 

mv? 

mv?- 

mc 

m3xln 

MRls 

Mt 

m;b 

m;bg 

m;b- 

m;bgn 


national  bank 

negotiable  instrument 

new  styles 

no  less  than 

no  more  than 

not  all 

not  greater  than 


n81b/ 

ni 

nu;ils 

kit 

kMt 

JL 

jG-t 


77 


not  less  than 
not  more  than 
not  only 
not  the 


Jit 
jMt 
jnx 
Je 


of  a  ) 

of  an) 

of  another 

of  any 

of  any  other 

of  any  other  kind 

of  any  other  one 

of  anybody 

of  anybody  else 

of  anyone 

of  anyone  else 

of  course 

of  our 

of  the 

of  their 

off  and  on 

on  a  ) 

on  an) 

on  account 

on  account  of 

on  account  of  the 

on  or  about 

on  or  before 

on  the 

on  the  contrary 

on  the  one  hand 

on  the  other  hand 

on  time 

on  which 

once  a  week 

once  or  twice 

one  half 

one  of  a  ) 

one  of  an) 

one  of  the 

one  of  the  most 


8 

oa4 
06 

064 

o64k& 

o64y 

o6by 

o6byLs 

o6y 

o6yLs 

oc 

oo 

% 
o- 
ofdn 

na 

nk4 

nk4o 

nk4% 

nRAT 

nrbf 

ne 

ne3 

neyH 

ne4H 

n" 

nh 

ySawk 

y5rtws 

yhf 


y% 


78 


one  thousand 
other  than 

outstanding  indebtedness 
owing  to  the 


y/& 
o-t 
oi 

o/? 


Pacific  Coast 

per  cent  per  annum 

personal  opinion 

personal  propery 

please  advise 

please  advise  us 

please  call  our  attention 

please  wire  us 

proceeds  of  the  sale 

promissory  note 

prompt  acceptance 

prompt  remittance 

public  opinion 

public  policy 

public  property 


pkkc; 

%7a 

poPY 

ppy 

PzDZ 

PzDZs 

PzKra"8 

PzWs 

P%Z 

8ms . nt 

Smkcp 

SmrA 

pboPY 

pb)c 

pbpy 


question  of  fact 
question  of  law 
quick  returns 
quick  selling 
quitclaim  deed 
quite  as  well 
quite  likely 
quite  probable 
quite  sure  there  is 
quoted  below 
quoted  by  us 
quoted  for  prompt  acceptance 


qof 

qol 

qcr-5 

qcZ/ 

qt#D 

qixwl 

qilkx 

qi8b2 

qiY-s 

qoE2o 

qoEbs 

qoEfSmk 


rather  than 
receiver's  certificate 


79 


r-t 

rcVR:k 


receiver's  sale 
referring  to  the 
referring  to  your 
referring  to  your  order 
relative  to  the 
replying  to  the 
replying  to  your 
respectfully  yours 
right  of  action 
right,  title  and  interest 
Roman  Empire 


rcVZ 

r:/? 

r:/qY 

r:/qYO 

rlT? 

rP/? 

rP/qY 

,xY 

roa 

rt%d?st 

rXm7 


Saturday  afternoon  s-Qnn 

seem  to  cmq 

seem  to  be  cmqb 
seem  to  be  a  ) 

seem  to  be  an)  cmqba 

Sermont  on  the  Mount  RXnem4 

shall  be  9b 

shall  not  9j 

six  per  cent  per  annum  6%7a 

small  amount  smlao4 

so  as  Sx 

so  as  not  Sxj 

so  as  to  Sxq 

so  that  S5 

so  the  Se 

some  of  the  J% 

special  price  ,98s 

statute  of  limitations  sol 

such  information  8if ' 

sum  of  money  soX 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States     SC7;US 


ten  thousand  dollars 
ten  thousand  people 
thanking  you 
thanking  you  for  the 


80 


"/P) 
//u 


thanking  you  for  the  order  //u(0 

that  a  ) 

that  an)  5a 

that  gives  5gs 

that  gives  me  5gsm 

that  if  51 

that  if  a  ) 

that  if  an)  5Ia 

that  if  I  511 

that  if  that  515 

that  if  they  5I& 

that  that  55 

that  the  " 

that  the  record  "  %d 

that  the  time  "" 
that  there) 

that  their)  5- 

that  there  are  5-r 

that  there  are  not  5-rj 

that  there  is  5-s 

that  there  is  not  5-sj 

that  there  may  be  5-mb 

that  there  shall  be  5-9b 

that  there  was  5-z 

that  there  was  not  5-zj 

that  this  5/ 

that  you  5u 

that  you  are  5ur 

that  you  are  not  5urj 

the  first  time  e: ;" 

the  last  time  el;" 

the  other  e4 

the  receipt  of  which  erctoh 

there  is  -s 

there  is  not  -sj 

there  were  -W 

there  were  other  -W4 

there  will  -1 

there  will  be  -Ib 

there  will  not  be  -Ijb 

time  of  the  day  "  %  d 

time  record  "%d 

81 


to  a  ) 

to  an)  qa 

to  be  qb 

to  be  able  qb2 

to  be  able  to  qb2q 

to  be  given  qbg 

to  beg  q  bg 

to  begin  gbgn 

to  do  qdu 

to  do  so  qdS 

to  take  effect  qtkf3 

to  the  ? 

to  their  q- 

to  wit  qwt 

to-morrow  afternoon  qMQnn 

to-morrow  evening  qMe/ 

to-morrow  morning  qMM/ 

trade  mark  -dMk 

trust  it  ttt 

trusting  this  tt// 

trusting  this  will  tt//l 

trusting  to  hear  tt/qH 

trusting  to  hear  from  you  tt/qHFu 

trusting  to  hear  from  you  further  tt/qHFu: 

two  months  qXts 

two  or  three  2r3 

two  thousand  q/& 

U 

under  a  ) 

under  an)  _a 

under  separate  cover  use 

under  the  _ 

under  the  circumstances  uec 

under  the  impression  uei 

understand  that  5 

understand  that  it  is  5ts 

understand  that  it  is  not  5tsj 

understand  that  you  5u 

understand  that  you  are  5ur 

understand  that  you  will  , 5ul 

understand  that  you  will  not  5ulj 

unless  there  is  uls-s 

82 


validity  of  the  contract 

value  of  the  property 

various  reasons 

very  brief ly 

very  greatly 

very  much 

Very  respectfully 

Very  truly 

Very  truly  yours 

Vice  admiral 

Vice  president 


V)r8s 

V5fx 

VGtx 

V7 

V,x 

V- 

V-Y 

IDM1 

I8sd4 


W 

was  a  ) 
was  an) 
was  not 
was  not  a  ) 
was  not  an) 
we  are 

we  are  in  receipt  of 
we  are  not 
we  are  not  able 
we  are  not  able  to  make 
we  can 
we  cannot 
we  do 
we  do  not 
we  do  not  have 
we  give 
we  give  you 
we  have 

we  have  in  stock 
we  have  not 
we  have  not  heard 
we  will  ship  them  to-morrow 
we  wish  you  would 
when  a  ) 
when  an) 
when  he 
when  he  once 

83 


za 
zj 

zja 

wr 

wriro 

wrj 

wrj2 

wrj2q) 

w3 

w3j 

wdu 

wduj 

wdujv 

wg  . 

wgu 

wv 

wvi  ;c 

wvj 

wvjHd 

w!9p%qMo 

ww9u# 

wna 
wnp 
wnpy5 


when  he  wants 

when  the 

when  wanted 

where  there  are 

where  there  are  not 

where  there  is 

whether  or  not 

will  be 

will  be  able  to  give  you 

with  a  ) 

with  an) 

with  or  without 

with  reference  to  the 

with  regard  to  the 

with  respect  to  the 

with  the 

would  be 

would  have 

would  have  to 

would  not 

would  not  be 

would  not  do 

would  not  have 

would  not  have  to 

would  not  take 

would  say 


wnpw4s 

wne 

wnw4d 

W-r 

W-rj 

W-s 

whhrj 

Ib 

Ib2qgu 

wa 

wow 
wr:5? 
wrg? 
wr,? 


#v 


#j 

#jb 

#jdu 

#jv 

#jvq 

#jtk 

#sa 


yesterday  afternoon 

you  are  well  aware 

your  favor 

your  order 

your  order  for 

your  order  of  the 

your  order  of  the  19th  inst 

Yours  cordially 

Yours  respectfully 

Yours  sincerely 

Yours  truly 

Yours  very  truly 

84 


y#Qnn 

urwlaW 

YV 

YO 

YOf 

Y0% 

Y0%19i 

Y4x 

Y,x 

YRx 

Y- 

YV- 


zero  weather  zrwhh 

zinc  methyl  z/m/1 

zoological  garden  zooKGdn 


85 


KEYBOARD  C   (Non-Shift-key) 


KEYBOARD  C  (Shift-key] 


zl  00  fcl  fvl  CB}  frO  CM)  C! 


Keyboard  Using  Two  Shift-keys,  each  of  which  accomplishes 
a  different  purpose 


CHAPTER  12 
THE  LARGER  KEYBOARDS 

Thus  far  no  use  has  been  made  of  the  additional  keys 
with  which  some  typewriters  are  equipped.   Columns  B,  C 
and  D  below,  show  the  extra  characters  on  three  repre- 
sentative boards,  so  that  one  using  either  of  these  boards 
has  the  additional  advantage  of  the  following  assign- 
ments, together  with  the  benefits  of  the  vowel  changes 
under  the  rules  stated  in  Chapter  Three. 


KEYBOARD 

PREFIXES  BCD 

gla  irri  eru  *     JA    * 

dam  dan  J4    /4    ~l~ 
infor  infer 

cla            ,  y>    l/2    § 
uncom  uncon 

at  ate  repra  (&?    @    @ 


era  discom 
discon 


van  unf or  unfur  $4 

dal  circum 

dif  prepar 

pub  equal  suppla 


SIGN-   SIGN- 
SUFFIXES     WORDS  FRASES 

gla  gal  aid   ever  by  a 

dam  dan  ness  these  as  the 


less 
ral  mal 


nal 


date  mate  nate 
rate  sate  wait 

bent  dent  fent 
gent  rent  sent 
cent  vent  zent 


by 
at 


to  a 


as  a 


than  on  the 


those  within  the 


feet  ject  lect 
nect  rect  tect 

0  dal 

save  sive 

!   dif  amd 


do 


about  the 


new   into  the 


=  ism  cism  nism  every  upon  the 


The  arrangement  of  the  syllabic  characters  in  the 
above  list,  indicates  how  the  characters  should  be 
interchanged  for  each  other  on  the  various  keyboards, 
since  only  one  of  these  additional  characters  (@)  is 
common  to  all  three  of  the  larger  boards  shown. 

The  manner  in  which  these  keyboards  further  reduce 
the  touches  is  shown  by  the  following  words  illustrating 
the  use  of  Keyboard  C: 

87 


Standard  Short  Form 

Keyboard  A  Keyboard  C 

glad  gld  %d 

irrigation  ir'  J/6' 

damage  dmj  J4j 

informal  ifl 

gladness  gldns 

unconstitutionality  u3%L  1/2%L 

attained  at&  <n&. 

candidate  3ddt  3dfr/ 

represent  r8s4  '"  j 

disconnect  233  7^3 

unfortunate  uf&  }4& 

reject  rj3  r^ 

vanish  vn9  ^9 

circumstance  R3;5  -)4;5 

deliver  dlV  HV  . 

preparatory  87.  -H$. 

difficult  dfKt 
necessary  information    nSif ' 


CHAPTER  13 
ILLUSTRATIVE  WORK 

There  are  numerous  degrees  of  intensity  with  which 
the  contracting  principles  can  be  used,  and  the  intensity 
of  development  is  a  matter  of  personal  choice  to  be 
exercised  by  the  operator.   Where  one  is  taking  dictation, 
or  writing  material,  which  is  to  be  read  only  by  the 
person  who  writes  it,  one's  latitude  in  intense  f rasing 
is  wider  than  where  the  shorttyping  is  to  be  read  by 
others. 

The  shorttyped  material  below  shows  three  styles  as 
they  would  be  written  on  Keyboard  A.  Three  spaces  after 
a  word  indicates  a  period;  a  semicolon  is  shown  by  two 
spaces;  the  comma  and  colon,  by  their  regular  punctu- 
ation marks. 

Corresponding  Style 
7F  F  of9  4,&5 

r:/  ?  d7t4s  le-  27231  %  3i ,  e  c?  njN  r,3fy  r7ts  " 
d7t4s  i#s  3"d  -i  v?  3Pd  w   e  r7t  r:d  q  s  fWd  _s7t  kV  bi 
/ml,  tghh  :  P5  d  ,  :  *s  (vd  #  cnY  njN  ofR,  d  smE  #  njN  i 
Hj  o  3#  Wk,  _dt  o  Mh  16,  1912,  ?  hef  %  .u  o  ;m  njN/ 

The  same.   Intermediate  Style 

r:/?  d7t4sl-  27231  f/r3i,  ec?njN  r,r7ts  "  d7t4si#s 
3"d-i  v?Pw   er7tr:dq  sfWd  _s7tkV  b/ml,  tg- :  P5d,:'s 
(vd#  cnYnjNofR,  d  smE  #  njNiHjo3#Wk,  _dto  Mhl6, 
1912,  ?  hf%.o;mnjN/ 

The  same   Reporting  Style 

r/?  dsl-  27231  7r3i,  ece  rr"  dsi#s  3-i  v?Pdw 
err:dq  sfWd  use  b/ml,  t-:  pds  abe  seo,  dsmE#  eicocw, 
udo  Mhl6,  1912,  ?  C%BSE 

KEY 
Paragraph  from  Official  Correspondence 

Referring  to  the  Department's  letter  27,231  of  the 
third  instant,  the  Civil  Engineer  respectfully  reports 
that  the  Department's  instructions  contained  therein  have 
be'en  complied  with.   The  report  referred  to  is  forwarded 
under  separate  cover  by  this  mail,  together  with  the  plans 
and  specifications  approved  by  the  Senior  Engineer 
Officer,  and  submitted  by  the  Engineer  in  Charge  of 
Construction  Work,  under  date  of  March  16th,  1912,  to  the 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

89 


The  following  illustrates  the  manner  in  which  a 
letter  would  appear  in  the  syllabic  code,  when  written 
from  dictation  for  the  purpose  of  being  transcribed  into 
formal  style.  Here  punctuation  marks  are  not  needed 
for  punctuation  except  where  absolutely  necessary  to 
show  the  meaning;  they  can  be  inserted  when  transcribing. 

If  when  writing,  the  operator  is  pressed  for  time  as 
the  result  of  exceptionally  rapid  dictation,  the  para- 
graphing can  also  be  omitted,  as  is  done  in  the  following 
work;  and  the  paragraphs  can  be  arranged  when 
transcribing. 


Intermediate  Style 

mR  ly8dJ8  9kg  a"8o  MJj5d  DRs  wriro  YV27i  dirP  bgqsS 
wnt  ei#s  x?  mN  o  pc/  egds   r:/qY  rMk  5u  "v?  'Hjd"  #sa 
e8is  wqoE  b(  $3  z  si&  ze  lw;wCp"y)   if  3  i/"?  '  sj  ;n  oo 

MW//"  wgvua,98s  hz  3sD2y  IWt  rli;   w3j hw  a)-  3  wsfl 

__8s43d8s  )1W8S  /an  rs  d  waYuS  wrLwsrdy  q)  8iS  xlox  6 
qbP  f  gds  o  eqlqL   y%  kS  h  u  Or  wntfW  y#d  a4  gos  qd  d 
wxp3q9p  erXD  w."  Kdf#$3--awr"ds   eb;qL  (e  #10)  Ibpt  i  : 
nX9p4  e#12  s  .  ks  go/  qd   irgq  2k4  f  rmA  brml  iZ% 
sz  o  YO  &  f  35  ww4qdu  eV/  irpW  qcQ  a3"u5  o  Y?udOs  wlLwu  3% 
MW//"  ,j;r-&  F7S   p,?  i  /l&dF5  (  p;qXts  luk/U  L5s 
lt;db;  irlnogds  d  Ib2qgu  J  ?u2if '  3Rn/  nu;ils 
//u(0  d  tt/  e9p4  IRiv  wTdla  wrY- 


90 


KEY 

Messrs.  Ellison  &  Johnson, 
Chicago 

Attention  of  Mr.  George  Brady. 

Dear  Sirs: - 

We  are  in  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the  27th 
instant,  and  in  reply  beg  to  say  that  we  note  the  in- 
structions as  to  the  manner  of  packing  the  goods. 

Referring  to  your  remark  that  you  "have  been  over- 
charged," would  say,  the  price  we  quoted  before  the 
contract  was  signed  was  the  lowest  we  could  possibly 
make.   In  fact,  in  this  transaction,  at  the  suggestion  of 
our  Mr.  Worthington,  we  gave  you  a  special  price  which 
was  considerably  lower  than  our  list.  We  cannot  under- 
stand how  an  importer  can,  with  safety,  under  present 
conditions,  make  lower  prices  than  ours;  and  we  assure 
you  that  we  are  always  ready  to  make  prices  as  low  as  any 
to  be  had  for  goods  of  equal  quality. 

One  of  the  cases  which  you  order  went  forward  yes- 
terday, another  goes  to-day,  and  we  expect  to  ship  the 
remainder  within  the  time  called  for  by  the  contract  —  a 
week  or  ten  days. 

The  best  quality  (the  Number  10)  will  be  put  in  with 
the  next  shipment;  the  Number  12  is  in  the  case  going 
to-day. 

In  regard  to  discount  for  remittance  by  return  mail, 
in  consideration  of  the  size  of  your  order,  and  the  fact 
that  we  want  to  do  everything  in  our  power  to  secure  a 
continuance  of  your  valued  orders,  we  will  allow  you  3%. 

Mr.  Worthington  has  just  returned  from  Paris.   He 
has  been  in  England  and  France  for  the  past  two  months 
looking  up  all  that  is  latest  and  best  in  our  line  of  goods, 
and  will  be  able  to  give  you  some  valuable  information 
concerning  new  styles. 

Thanking  you  for  the  order,  and  trusting  the  shipment 
will  arrive  without  delay,  we  are 

Yours  truly 
91 


Intermediate  Style 
.3  F  ,h  o  E&.k  ne  r?t  %  aM3K6s 

fm7t  ilukK  erits  ;E  i5kt  x3x  .mN  ih  ivud%  nts  V 
:;8ps8,  dh  ivofntknel.t,  w  GthmL,  q  la  bfu   iluk,  isa, 
ne  )ilritsoGt5",  &  8?js  he  Kn;s  auqnjo  _/oz  rits,  qb 
ju;e  mo;%s!2//s  .Wld   e714oGt5"  syts  '  hd  o  hr 
X5vm7  iqcpCs:   y  xe  IKljslY  o/il&,  8vd/  fL//s  Thorn,  iedx, 
d  bik4  i#4  /an  exqTpW  e4,  d  i//k  n2rcpC,  s  :iK  hr  )i!43r, 
ih,  x  )  /rnohvn,  9e  #4&s  Le  i:YljslYs,  d  gidsd$ls7cL,  w/T 
ahlt/  6   x  L/z  8vn91jslYs  r  nx  kOnt  q  E4,  &auL  qb  sOnt 
q  hr  Ls  &3  nhh  8Rv  mt9ps,  N  hp  f  mt9j;s,  N  f39x 
afd  mt9S;5 


KEY 

Extract  from  speech  of  Edmund  Burke  on  the  Revolt  of  the 
American  Colonies 

For  my  part  I  look  upon  the  rights  stated  in  that  act 
exactly  in  the  manner  in  which  I  viewed  them  on  its  very 
first  proposition,  and  which  I  have  often  taken  the 
liberty,  with  great  humility,  to  lay  before  you.  I  look, 
I  say,  on  the  imperial  rights  of  Great  Britain,  and  the 
privileges  which  the  colonists  ought  to  enjoy  under 
those  rights,  to  be  just  the  most  reconcilable  things  in 
the  world.   The  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  sits  at  the 
head  of  her  extensive  empire  in  two  capacities:  one  as 
the  local  legislature  of  this  island,  providing  for  all 
things  at  home,  immediately,  and  by  no  other  instrument 
than  the  executive  power;  the  other,  and  I  think  nobler 
capacity,  is  what  I  call  her  imperial  character,  in 
which,  as  from  the  throne  of  Heaven,  she  superintends  all 
the  inferior  legislatures,  and  guides  and  controls  them 
all,  without  annihilating  any.   As  all  these  provincial 
legislatures  are  only  coordinate  to  each  other,  they 
ought  all  to  be  subordinate  to  her;  else  they  can  neither 
preserve  mutual  peace,  nor  hope  for  mutual  justice,  nor 
effectually  afford  mutual  assistance. 

92 


CHAPTER  14 
GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS 

The  user  desiring  to  reach  the  highest  attainable 
speed  with  this  system  should  regard  its- assignments  of 
syllables  to  particular  keys  as  elastic,  and  should 
readjust  them  to  meet  the  requirements  of  his  particular 
keyboard  and  of  the  vocabulary  with  which  he  works; 
bearing  in  mind  that  the  system  does  not  regard  any  theory 
of  sound  representation  as  inflexible,  but  follows 
fonetics  or  standard  spelling  according  to  which  produces 
the  sequence  of  keys  that  gives  the  more  rapid  movement. 

There  is  also  ample  liberty  in  readjusting  the  short 
forms  to  suit  one's  convenience.   To  illustrate:  the 
short  form  5^;5  has  been  given  as  the  Keyboard  C  style 
for  "circumstance."  The  combination  ;H$sA  also  cor- 
rectly shows  that  word,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  personal 
choice  in  adopting  the  movement,  the  execution  of  which 
the  operator  finds  the  more  rapid. 

The  short  forms  should  be  treated  exactly  as  the 
expert  stenographer  deals  with  his  shorthand.   He  does 
not  strictly  follow  all  the  outlines  given  by  the  short- 
hand text-book,  but,  using  the  text-book  or  shorthand 
dictionary  as  a  foundation,  he  readjusts  the  outlines  to 
meet  his  particular  needs,  those  readjustments  often 
being  reductions;  and  his  skill  in  rapid  work  can  be 
measured  largely  by  the  extent  to  which  he  adapts  the 
system  to  his  work. 

Nor  do  syllables  occur  with  the  same  frequency  in  all 
classes  of  material.  The  same  is  true  of  words  and  f rases, 
and  if  one  is  working  on  material  which  constantly  brings 
words,  f  rases  and  syllables  into  use,  which  have  been 
given  no  assignment,  he  should  change  the  assignments  so 
as  to  include  these  words,  syllables  and  f rases  which  he 
is  continually  using,  but  which  have  been  given  no  as- 
signment here,  having  them  replace  those  which  are  here 
assigned  but  which  he  does  not  often  use.   This  is 
especially  advisable  by  reason  of  the  large  number  of 
syllables  that  the  language  contains,  the  limited 
number  of  keys,  and  the  variations  in  the  different 
keyboards . 

When  making  assignments  for  new  f  rases,  care  is 
needed  to  select  combinations,  and  do  the  spacing,  so  as 
to  prevent  conflict: 

was  approved  by  the  commandant        z  (vd#3&4 
was  made  void  by  the  commandant       z(  vd  #  3&4 

The  short  forms  shown  in  Chapter  Nine  do  not  all 
represent  the  maximum  speed  possibilities  attainable  by 
a  more  intense  development  of  the  principles  employed. 
Many  of  the  abbreviated  forms  there  shown  are  capable 

93 


of  further  reduction,  which  is  illustrated  by  the  words 
bankrupt  and  bankruptcy.  In  Chapter  Nine  their  short 
forms  are  given  as  b/rp  and  b/rpc  but  these  are  reducible 
to  bp  and  bpc 

•  A  higher  development  is  also  reached  in  the  following 
manner:   The  combination  CC  is,  among  many  others,  open 
for  assignment;  and  it  may,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  be  given 
the  meaning  "scription. "  Then  the  words  description, 
subscription,  etc.,  which  have  heretofore  been  shown 
as  dccpS  sccpS  etc.,  become  dCC  sCC  etc. 

In  many  of  the  frases  in  Chapter  Eleven  there  is  also 
ample  room  for  further  reducing  the  short  forms. 

An  intense  development  naturally  calls  for  more 
study  than  where  the  development  is  simple,  but  the  reward 
for  that  additional  effort  is  a  corresponding  increase 
in  operating  speed. 

When  writing  the  short  combinations  with  a  pen,  it 
will  be  found  that  a  large  number  of  them  form  a  perfect 
basis  for  transformation  into  pen  movements.   Those,  for 
instance,  which  are  composed  exclusively  of  small  letters, 
of  capitals,  or  of  a  combination  of  the  two,  when  made 
with  a  pen  and  given  their  regular  curved  longhand 
outlines,  permit  the  words  to  be  written,  "generally 
without  lifting  the  pen  in  the  body  of  a  word  and  gen- 
erally ending  with  the  hand  in  a  forward  motion,  in 
complete  correspondence  with  regular  longhand  work. 

Such  characters,  however,  as  #  $  and  the  punctuation 
marks,  require  the  pen  to  be  lifted  in  the  body  of  the 
word;  but,  notwithstanding,  the  short  forms  in  which 
they  appear,  reduce  the  pen  movement  as  compared  with 
the  standard  longhand  formations  for  the  corresponding 
words. 

But  when  writing  such  characters  with  pen  or  pencil, 
some  advantage  is  gained  by  slight  changes  in  the  type 
outlines,  such  as  using  in  the  dollar  mark  only  one 
downward  stroke  through  the  S  outline '($),  and  showing 
the  number  mark  by  one  line  crossing  two  (#).   Such 
modified  characters  answer  the  purpose  as  well  as  the 
formal  type  style,  and  reduce  the  pen  movement  without 
subtracting  anything  from  legibility. 


94 


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